Task 3: Systematic Observations

Question 1

def: ecological validity

Answer 1

the extent to which research settings resemble a real life setting

Question 2

def: reliability of a measure

Answer 2

ability of a measure to produce similar result if repeated measurements are made in identical setting

Question 3

def: test-restest-reliability

Answer 3

same test tested twice with big amount of time in between
BUT someone might remember questions
->could use parallel-form reliability (same just different form) = equivalent
->OR split-half reliability: same as parallel-form but in one session, then scored separately

Question 4

def: validity

Answer 4

=Aussagekraft

extent to which a study measures what its supposed to measure

Question 5

def: face validity

Answer 5

how well a measurement instrument appears to measure

Question 6

def: content validity

Answer 6

extent to which content of a measure adequately measures what its supposed to measure
eg final exam should be about consent taught in school

Question 7

def: criterion-related validity

Answer 7

the extent to which one`s test score can be used to interpret one’s value on some criterion value

Question 8

def: concurrent validity

Answer 8

=gleichzeitig

assessed if both the initial test & the criterion measurement are done around the same time

Question 9

def: predictive validity

Answer 9

assessed if there is some time between collecting datas

Question 10

def: construct validity

Answer 10

applies when test is designed to measure a construct

eg behavioral theory

Question 11

how to decide on measure to use?

Answer 11

• sensitivity of measurements to manipulate
• range of effects: encountering a floor/ ceiling value
• capabilities (=Fähigkeiten) of your participants

Question 12

Types of dependent measures

Answer 12

• behavioural
• physiological
• self-report
• implicit measures (=indirekte)

Question 13

Factors that may influence outcome when working with human participants

Answer 13

• demanding characteristics
• pre-existing attitudes
• events outside laboratory

Question 14

def: expectancy effect

Answer 14

researcher`s preconceived ideas are communicated to subject, they tell participants what they expect of the study

Question 15

def: experimenter bias

Answer 15

behaviour of experimenter influences result of the study

Question 16

Solutions to avoid experimenter bias

Answer 16

single blind techniques: experimenter doesn’t know which treatment a subject has been assigned to

double blind techniques: neither of them knows while testing

Question 17

what is a pilot study?

Answer 17

pre-study in smaller form than planned made to check if big study even works

Question 18

how to conduct a non experimental research in general

Answer 18

I. make behavioural categories you want to observe
II. quantify bahviour: frequency, duration or intervals
III. record taking

Question 19

def: time sampling

Answer 19

observe for specific time slot -> take notes -> observe again

eg group of students: observe one student for 5 sec -> take notes -> observe other student for 5 sec ….

Question 20

def: individual sampling

Answer 20

only paying attention to one individual of a group

Question 21

def: event sampling

Answer 21

focus on only one bahviour

eg sharing bahviour

Question 22

def: observer bias

Answer 22

occurs if observer knows hypothesis or interprets

solution: use blind observer

Question 23

differentiation between quantitative & qualitative data

Answer 23

quantitative: numbers, can be mathematically manipulated, analyze with statistics

qualitative: written words
eg impressions, can’t apply standard statistics

Question 24

what is a naturalistic observations/ field setting?

Answer 24

observing your subjects in their natural environment
manipulate independent variable, measure dependent

! you don’t observe causality, but still high external validity
! low internal validity because little control over potential confounding variables

Question 25

def: ethnography

Answer 25

becoming immersed in group or behaviour that you are studying
-> have to gain access & become invisible

Question 26

def: sociometry

Answer 26

identifying & measuring interpersonal relationships within a group

Question 27

def: case history

Answer 27

observing and reporting on single case

eg development of certain diseases in a given individual

use: describe typical development of disease or symptoms

Question 28

def: archival research

Answer 28

studying existing records, primarily base for study has already been done early

Question 29

def: field survey

Answer 29

directly question your participants about their bahviour

Question 30

def: nonresponse bias

Answer 30

if a large group fails to return completed surveys your representativeness of your measures decreases