TASK 6 - Language Flashcards
Components of Language
Phonemes - units of speech sound
Morphemes - the smallest unit of meaning (e.g. makes a word plural by adding ‘s’)
- Phonological Development
- Semantic Development - expressing meaning in language
- Syntactic Development - words&morphemes combined
- Pragmatic Development - how language is used
- Metalinguistic Development - understanding properties + function of a language
Speech Production
0-2 months = Reflexive Vocalism - first sounds produced by babies (crying, burps, sneeze)
2-4 months = Cooing& Laughing - coo sound + reciprocal cooing by parents
4-6 months = Babbling& Vocal Play - babbling (playing with sounds)
6-10 months = Canonical Babbling - produce combinations of sounds, REDUPLICATED BABBLING (repeated syllables mamama)
- 7 months = deaf children stop
10+ months = Modulated babbling - intonation patterns
Syntactic System Development
s- structure -> spoken sentence, can have MORE than 1 meaning
d- structure -> deep structure, determines intended meaning
10-18 months = 1 Word Period
- Single-word utterances
- Children can understand more than they can produce
18-24 months = 2 Word Period
- Use words that are most salient in their environment
- Use words that convey meaning (e.g. mummy go)
- Limited knowledge of a language
24-36 months = Later Syntactic Development
- Utterances become longer + complex
- Use a variety of linguistic forms
Overregularization & Creative Overregularization
Overregularization = using a rule to an exception of a rule
- PLURALS: wrongly putting a plural suffix ‘s’ to mass (e.g. water/air)
- PAST TENSE: overregularize suffix ‘ed’
Creative Overregularization = create new words based on regularities in the language they hear
- E.g. I’m Ballerinaing
Perceptual Basis of Word Learning
Word Segmentation
- 7/8 months = segment words & pull out strong-weak patterns (DOCtor) but not weak-strong patterns (guiTAR)
- 10 months = segment both ^^
- TRANSITIONAL PROBABILITY = syllables are more likely to occur within 1 word than 2
Word Forms
- 9/10 months = preference for word forms that conform phonological characteristics
- 11 months = recognize word forms across indexical stress changes
Pairing words
- 6 months = associate high frequent word forms (eg mummy)
- 6-14 months = associations are quicker
- 8 months = link novel words to novel objects
Approaches in Developing Words
Collectivism = learning language thru connection of different units that are put together Interaction = Biological innate, we already know about language and have to train in order to better it
Behaviorist = development is a function of learning thru reinforcement & punishment of overt behavior
–> SKINNER = parents teach children to speak with the
same reinforcement techniques as animals
Nativist = Language is innate - we are born with universal grammar in brain
–> CHOMSKY = we can understand and produce
sentences we have never heard of
- shown via monkeys being able to learn a word but
not the grammar of it (sign language)
Speech Perception
Speech Segmentation:
- Speech Stream –> series of sounds that must be separated into combinations
- Infant-directed speech –> High pitch
- 7 months = recognize familiar words
Categorical Perception of Speech Sounds:
- Phonemes –> set of sounds that are not physically identical but sound the same
- Categorical Perception –> distinguish sounds between different phonemes
- -> 1 month = engage in categorical perception
