task 7

Question 1

auditory localization

Answer 1

the localizing of sound sources in the auditory space

Question 2

location cues

Answer 2

*binaural cues- depend on both ears
*spectral cues - depend on one ear

Question 3

3 direction of sound localization

Answer 3

• azimuth- the angle of a sound in the horizontal place (left-right)
• elevation- up and down
• distance

Question 4

binaural cues

Answer 4

Determine the azimuth of sounds. Function based on the comparison of signals reaching left and right ears

Question 5

intramural level difference (IDL)

Answer 5

*occurs for high frequencies
- difference in the sound pressure level reaching the ears

the head is a barrier that doesn’t allow high-intensity sounds to reach the far ear- it creates an acoustic shadow

meaning that the wave doesn’t pass though

Question 6

intramural time difference (ITD)

Answer 6

the time difference between when the sound reaches the ears - dominant binaural cue

ex: when a sound is located in front, IDT=0

most useful when determining low-frequency sounds

Question 7

The cone confusion

Answer 7

can provide info regarding elevation

area where points on the surface have the same ILD and IDT

Question 8

spectral cues

Answer 8

determine the elevation of the sound

function used on the difference in the spectrum of frequencies that reach the ear

Question 9

how special cues generate information regarding elevation

Answer 9

the way sound bounce around within the pinna and different patterns of frequency, even if the sounds are placed in the “cone confusion”

Question 10

placing mold in the ear

Answer 10

placing mold in the ear changes localization
(loss of spectral cues)

in the placing a mold experiment, participants regained their spectral cue after adapting to the earpiece = NEURONS SPECIALIZED !

Question 11

DTF (directional transfer function)

Answer 11

measure that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso change sound intensity

Question 12

jeffers model

Answer 12

neurons or coincidence /ITD detectors fire in response to a particular ITD

ITD tuning curve- curve that describes the neuron’s firing compared to the IDT.

coincidence detectors= neurons that fire only when they receive signals simultaneously from both ears (ITD= 0)

Question 13

IDT tuning curves

Answer 13

IDT neurons respond best to a specific ITD
- place code: ITD is indicated by the place (which neuron) the activity occurs in

Question 14

population code

Answer 14

OTD indicated by the firing of many broadly tuned neurons

Question 15

sound that enters first ends up being a lower frequency

Answer 15

for the eat that the sound reachers first, the traveling wave goes further down to the apex of the cochlea -> ends up being a lower frequency

Question 16

binaural localization:cochlea

Answer 16

SONIC MG - area 1

ILD-LSO
ITD-MSO

Question 17

what pathway

Answer 17

*auditory object recognition
*semantic processing *responsible for perceiving and identifying complex sounds
* anterior belt (secondary auditory) area to the temporal pole then prefrontal cortex or directly to prefrontal cortex

Question 18

where pathway

Answer 18

• sound localization
  *spatial processing
  *responsible for localizing sounds
  *posterior belt (secondary auditory) area tot he parietal cortex then prefrontal cortex or the prefrontal cortex

Question 19

indirect sound

Answer 19

bounces off walls and reaches the listener form many directions
but why do we only hear the sound once?

Question 20

the precedence effect

Answer 20

we perceive the sound as coming from the source that reaches our ears first

a sound source and its logging reflections are perceived as one sound, unless the delay is too long -echoes

Question 21

echolocation

Answer 21

some blind people have developed echolocation

Question 22

auditory scene analysis

Answer 22

the array of sounds in the environment, analysis implies the separation of these stimuli into separate sources

Question 23

simultaneous grouping

Answer 23

how can we hear the vocals and each of the instruments as separate sound sources? gestalt principles

Question 24

grouping cues: timing

Answer 24

• precedence effect- if the delay between 2 sounds is very short, we usually hear the sound coming from one place (leading source)

occurs mostly indoors since the space is smaller so the delay is shorter

*onset synchrony - when sounds starts at slightly different times, they probably came from different sources
*common fate - sounds that begin or end at the same Time are seen as coming from the

Question 25

location

Answer 25

if ILD and ITD are the same, the 2 sound are perceptually grouped

Question 26

similarity

Answer 26

sounds that have similar /same pitch or timbre, are perceived as coming from the same source scale illusion- a sequence of notes ascending and descending in one ear and descending in another, making the listener perceive a single sequence of notes

Question 27

harmonicity

Answer 27

when we hear a harmonic series, we infer that it came from a single source, because a period sound consists of both a fundamental frequeny, and harmonics that are multiples of the fundamental

Question 28

spectral proximity

Answer 28

sounds that are similar in frequency are perceptually grouped. spectral segregation- melodies that are sufficiently different in frequencies are segregated

Question 29

temporal proximity

Answer 29

sounds that are similar in frequency are perceptually grouped. *if the rate is low, we group them together in one single perception *If the rate is fast: we group them in multiple groups (2 stream perception)

Question 30

good continuation

Answer 30

sounds are grouped together and seem conscious. if there is a gap between 2 sounds and its masked by something, 2 sounds with the same frequency or following smoothly changing frequencies (increasing / decreasing) are seen as grouped together

Question 31

experiences

Answer 31

if we know a melody and hear it, even if there are interference etc, we will group things together based on our melody schema