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Personality & Individual Differences > Task 8 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Task 8 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Stable & enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior emerging in adolescence or early adulthood

  • > deviate from culture and are pervasive and influexible in many life aspects
  • > lead to distress or impairment
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2
Q

Criteria of Disorders

A

Must involve negative consequences for functioning and happiness of individuals and/or others around him/her

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3
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders volume 5
-> classified into three groups/clusters according to their similarity of symptoms

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4
Q

Cluster A

A

“odd, eccentric”
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid

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5
Q

Schizoid

A

Extreme detachment from social relationshps, limited expression of emotions interpersonally
-> prefer to be alone, feel little joy or pleasure even in nonsocial settings

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6
Q

Schizotypal

A

Detachment from social relationships

  • > extreme discomfort with relationships, odd thinking and eccentric behaviors
  • > e.g. highly superstitious
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7
Q

Paranoid

A

Detachment from social relationships

  • > strong suspiciousness of others motives and feel persecuted (without reason)
  • > quick to take offence and being insulted
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8
Q

Cluster B

A 
"dramatic, emotional, erratic"
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
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9
Q

Antisocial

A

Tendency to disregard and violate rights of others

  • > deceitful, lying, and conning for personal gain
  • > feel no guilt
  • > aggressive, irresponsible, impulsive, reckless
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10
Q

Borderline

A

Extremely instabile self-image and relationships with others

  • > impulsive
  • > intense and unstable relationships with others, fears of abandonment
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11
Q

Borderline typical behaviors

A 
Drug & alcohol abuse
Binge eating
Spending sprees
Sexual escapades
Self-harming behavior
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12
Q

Histrionic

A

Exaggerated display of emotions and excessive attention seeking

  • > crave to be center of attention (typically draw attention by physical appearance)
  • > are suggestible, easily influenced by others (consider casual relationships as closer than they are)
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13
Q

Narcissistic

A

Grandiosity: consider themselves superior and deserving of admiration

  • > selfish, lack of concern for others
  • > often arrogant and exploiting
  • > status oriented
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14
Q

Cluster C

A

“anxious, fearful”
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive

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15
Q

Avoidant

A

Social inhibition, shyness, feelings of inadequacy, oversensitive to negative evaluation

  • > low self-esteem, afraid of embarassment, criticism, rejection
  • > lack of social contact (even though they want it)
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16
Q

Dependent

A

Excessive need to be taken care of,

  • > submissive clinging behavior
  • > always need advice and reassurance
  • > lack of confidence: need others to make decisions
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17
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive

A

Preoccupied with orderliness, perfection and control

  • > too perfectionistic: sometimes fail to complete tasks, don’t delegate tasks
  • > work over relationships, stubborn, inflexible
  • > not OCD (involves repeated behaviors)
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18
Q

DSM-5 classification criticism

A

Symptoms of a disorder often not correlating

  • > possible that two persons diagnosed with same disorder do not have symptoms in common
  • > comorbidity: overlapping symptoms,
  • > disorders do not match factor analysis
  • > disorders as continuum not category
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19
Q

Convergent construct validity

A

A disorder is exptected to always show similar symptoms

-> not given with DSM-5

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20
Q

Discriminant construct validity

A

No comorbidity,

  • > correlations of symptoms higher within a disorder than with other disorders
  • > lacks in DSM-5
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21
Q

Alternative System for Diagnostic of Personality Disorders

A

Distinction between self-problems and interpersonal problems

  • pathological personality traits
  • continuum system
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22
Q

Self problems

A

Impairment in one’s identity and self-direction

  • > Identity problems (unstable self-esteem, inability to regulate emotions)
  • > self-direction problems (goal-setting, inability to reflect)
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23
Q

Interpersonal problems

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A

Empathy problems: inability to take others perspective (e.g. understand emotions)
Intimacy Problems: lack relationships, inability to engage in relationships, unwillingness to cooperate

24
Q

Pathological Personality traits

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A

Alternative to DSM-5:

  • negative affectivity
  • detachment
  • antagonism
  • disinhibition
  • psychoticism
25
Diagnosing personality disorders
Conducting structured interview; | -> patient has to display oth impairment in self- and interpersonal functioning and pathological personality traits
26
Essential for PD diagnosis
Stable across time and situations - behavior must deviate from person's stage of development and culture - effects can't be due to effects of substances or a medical condition
27
Origins of Personality Disorders
Represent maldaptive levels of personality dimensions - Borderline: high heritability (.4) - schizotypal: may be personality type - > origins still highly unknown
28
Treatment Methods for Personality Disorders
``` Psychosocial treatment: -Psychodynamic psychotherapy -Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) -dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Pharmacotherapy -Psychobiological treatments ```
29
Difficulties of PD treatment
Disorders not based on external conditions that can be modified - > individual: stable - Extreme reactions (borderline) or deceitfulness (Antisocial) hard to treat - egosyntonic: see no issues with themselves
30
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Trying to help patient with expression of emotions - identifying recurring behavior patterns - examining relationships - helping patient to explore own mental life - > improving self-understanding and self-functioning
31
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
For personality disorders involving dysfunctional self-views and surrounding world or future - > goals: understanding beliefs - showing patient that beliefs are maladaptive
32
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
For Borderline - making patient aware of current thoughts and feelings - > goals: self-reflection, mindfulness
33
Psychobiological treatment
Disorder as due to imbalances of chemical substances in brain -> drugs admistered to reduce symptoms and restare balance
34
Issue with treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder
It's in patient's best interest to appear as though they're cured: - deceive and lie to clinician calculatedly - > higher probability of future offence after therapy - >better: showing them consequences (e.g. jail)
35
Main PD classification systems
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) | DSM-5
36
Prevalence of Personality Disorders
4-15% in Europe and NA | -> ~10%
37
Issues with diagnosis of PDs
No quick and reliable way to diagnose - comorbidity problem - overdiagnosing
38
Mild personality disorder
- still able to maintain and be interested in friends - intermittent, minor conflicts with peers - occasionally withdrawn, isolated - capable of sustaining employmnet - > no substantial harm to self and others
39
Moderate Personality Disorder
Problems in most interpersonal relationships and in occupation - > past history and future expectation of harm to self and others - > no long-term damage or life-endangerment
40
Severe personality disorder
Severe problems in interpersonal functioning - affects all areas of life - no friends, unwilling to sustain occupation - past history and future expectation of harm to self and others; long-term damage, life-endangering
41
Personality disorder across life span
Evidence: PDs have roots in childhood and adolescence - effects of PD related to neuroticism or negative affect diminish later in life (>65) - personality becomes increasingly stable and adaptive later in life
42
Influence of PD late in life
Sooner mortality, - more functional loss - worse health - more cognitive decline
43
Pharmacotherapy
Assumes behavioral traits associated with personality disorders associated with neurochemical abnormalities in CNS -> drug treatment
44
Aims of drug treatment
Focus on specific aspects of PD e.g. cognitive-perceptual disturbances
45
Aims of Psychosocial treatments
Reduce life-threatening symptoms - improve distressing mental state symptoms - targetting of practical issues
46
Cluster A treatment
``` -Most difficult to treat Psychosocial: -bareley done -schizotypal: CBT Pharmacotherapy: -schizotypal: antibiotics (unclear risk to benefit ration): improvement in symptoms -not much evidence ```
47
Cluster B treatment
Psychosocial treatments: improved symptomatic outcomes, no significant improved social funcitoning -> generalist approach succesful
48
Generalist approaches
Supportive, Focus on managing life situations Non-intensive Interruptions expected (not constant) Psychopharmacological interventions when necessary -> widely successful even without extensive training
49
Cluster C treatment
-best treatable cluster Psychosocial treatment: improved social function and reduced distress (Psychodynamic) CBT: more effective for avoidant Pharmacotherapy: antidepressants
50
Verdict PD treatment
Psychosocial treatments show promise -> especially borderline Pharmacological treatments need improvement -> should be aid but not main focus
51
Dark Triad
Machiavellianism Narcissim Psychopathy
52
Machiavellianism
Manipulative personality - lack empathy, low affect - unconventional views of morality - manipulate, lie, exploit
53
Narcissism
- grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, feelings of superiority - good first impression: difficulty maintaining long term interpersonal relationships - > lack trust and core for others
54
Psychopathy
Impulsivity, thrill seeking - low empathy and low anxiety - antagonistic: feelings of superiority, self-promotion - don't experience fear and anxiety same as normal people
55
Dark personality classification
Subclinical: between normal personality and clinical-level pathology
56
Dark personality and Work outcomes
Can be destructive in nature or its effect (intention & outcome) - personality characteristics associated with corporate success - extreme levels on dark triad: problematic for leaders - modest dark triad levels optimal

Personality & Individual Differences (9 decks)

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