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Personality & Individual Differences > Task 6 - Plasticity of Personality > Flashcards

Task 6 - Plasticity of Personality Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Spouse Similarity

A

Spouses only slightly similar for most characteristics (small positive correlations)
-> higher similarity for mental ability, religiosity, political attitudes

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2
Q

Marital Satisfaction

A

People higher in Agreeableness and Emotional Stability (.30,.40) have higher marital satisfaction

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3
Q

Attachment styles

A

Relationship quality only weakly related with attahment style

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4
Q

Parenting styles

A

Nurturing: affectionate and supportive
Restrictive: demand obedience and are punitive
Knowledgeable (know aobut friends and activities)
-> higher Openenness and extraversion: more nurturing, less restrictive

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5
Q

Friendship and similarity

A

Friends tend to be similar in Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience
-> might be due to value-sharing

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6
Q

Popular children

A

Low in aggression, high in sociability

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7
Q

Rejected children

A

High in aggression, low in sociability

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8
Q

Neglected children

A

Low in aggression, low in sociability

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9
Q

Substance use and personality

A

abusers:
lower in conscientiousness,
low in Emotional stability,

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10
Q

Longevity and Personality

A

Relatedness of personality with long life

  • > associated with conscientiousness, social dependability
  • > less likely to engage in health-damaging behaviors
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11
Q

Heart Disease & Personality

A

Type A personality associated with increased probability of heart disease

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12
Q

Type A personality

A

Competitiveness, impatience, excessive job involvement, hostility, time urgancy

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13
Q

Academic Performance & Personality

A

Conscientiousness: strongest and most consistent predictor

-> correlation with GPA: .25

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14
Q

Law-abidingness/criminality & Personality

A

Criminality ssociated with self-control

-> criminals not more motivated but worse at inhibiting

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15
Q

Primary Psychopathy

A

Active, intentional psychopaths;

-deceitful, grandiose, selfish, manipulative

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16
Q

Secondary Psychopathy

A

Passive, unintentional psychopaths;

-impulsive, irresponsible, might harm in affect (not on purpose)

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17
Q

Aggression and personality

A

Aggression displayed by people with low self-esteem and narcissism

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18
Q

Life Satisfaction & Personality

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A

Heritable: .40

  • increases or decreases in response to life events
  • positively correlated with self-esteem, cheerfulness,
  • negatively associated: depressiveness
  • > .20 with Extraversion and Emotional Stability
19
Q

Selection Effects

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A

Personality predicting the kinds of events you tend to experience

20
Q

Socialization Effects

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A

Major life events shaping your personality

21
Q

Increases of Personality Traits over life duration

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A

Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability and assertive aspects of Extraversion tend to increase

22
Q

Maturation of personality

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A

Phenomenon of most personality factors gradually becoming higher throughout life

  • > esp. better impulse control and more stable behavior
  • > no increases in Openness or sociability
  • > might reflect greater sense of purpose and direction
23
Q

Social Investment Hypothesis

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A

Explanation for change in personality traits after being put in certain social role
-> personality traits change according to social role you are put in

24
Q

Personality Stability

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A

Stable across several year, less stability over longer periods of time in adulthood
-> slight changes during several years become more significant in total after many yeasr

25
Personality Stability during adolescene and young adulthood
Traits are stable, but not as stable as for older adults | -> personality undergoes some changes during adolescence and adulthood
26
Personality Stability during childhood and infancy
The younger the less stable, but still quite predictive of later personality
27
Self-Esteem
Related to Extraversion and Emotional Stability - > high during childhood - > drops during adolescence - > levels moderate during young adulthood - > higher levels during middle ages, drop in old age
28
Major Life Events
Events that have an impact on personality | -> how one thinks, feels, and behaves
29
Neo-Socioanalytic Model
Major life events resulting in important new social role - > expected to result in personality changes - > requirements: awareness of expectations of new role and ability and willingness to change personality
30
Plasticity Principle
Assumes personality changes can occur at any age
31
Social Investment Principle
Assumes individuals can change because of investment in social roles
32
Transactional Paradigm
Major life events impact personality development differently depending on the type of event -> only if transparent role demands are available
33
Dynamic Equilibrium Model
Assumes: personality changes in reaction to major life events only temporary - > individuals differing in set points - > people will gravitate back to set point (speed depends on severity of event)
34
Paradoxical Theory of Personality Coherence
Expects personality to be stable in face of major life events when info lacks about which traits are adaptive -> change only if role demands clear
35
Personality in response to stressful events
Decrease in emotional stability (adverse events) | Increase in reactino to positive events (positive events)
36
State artifact position
Changes in personality trait measures appearing as result of therapy attributed to state-level variance in personality -> evidence against: therapy actually produces lasting changes
37
Cause-correction hypothesis
Changes through psychological outcomes result from changes in trait component and not just state component -> supported by evidence (therapy interventions with lasting personality changes)
38
Heritability
Estimate of individual differences explained by variability
39
GE interplay
Gene-environment correlation & gene-environment interaction
40
Malleability
Determined by independent environmental effects and GE interplay -> the more environment causes in variation the higher malleability
41
Gene-environment correlation (rGE)
individuals with particular genotypes more likely to experience particular environments - passive - reactive/evocative - active
42
Gene-environment interactions (GxE)
Genotypes vary in environmental sensitivity | -> different genotypes have different experiences to the same environment
43
Heritability of intelligence
Heritability high, still greatly affected by normal environmental variation -> high heritability and malleability

Personality & Individual Differences (9 decks)

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