TASK 9

Question 1

BRAIN TUMORS

Answer 1

_tumour (or neoplasm) – mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body
_metastasis – The process by which cells break off of a tumour, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body.
TYPES

_meningiomas
_infiltrating neurons
_metastatic neurons

Question 2

_meningiomas

Answer 2

– 20% of the brain tumors we found in human brain. These are tumors that grow between the meninges, the three membranes that cover the central neural system

Question 3

_encapsulated tumours

Answer 3

– all meningiomas are tumours that grow within their own membrane. They can influence the function of the brain only by the pressure they exert on surrounding tissue, usually benign tumours

Question 4

_benign tumours

Answer 4

– tumours that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body

Question 5

_infiltrating tumours

Answer 5

– grow diffusely through surrounding tissue, usually malignant tumours. Most common

Question 6

_malignant tumours

Answer 6

– difficult to remove or destroy completely, and any cancerous tissue that remains afterwards continues to grow

Question 7

_gliomas

Answer 7

– brain tumours that develop from glial cells are infiltrating, rapidly growing and common

Question 8

_metastatic tumours

Answer 8

– 10 % of brain tumours do not originate in the brain. They grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body. Usually originate as cancers of the lungs, really little possibility of recovery (it attacked already 2 or more sites)

Question 9

_strokes

Answer 9

– sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage. Symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected, but common consequences of stroke are amnesia, aphasia (language difficulties), paralysis and coma.
TYPES
_ischemic stroke
_cerebral heamorrhage

Question 10

_cerebral haemorrhage

Answer 10

TYPE OF STROKE– (haemorrhagic stroke) bleeding in the brain, occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it.
_aneurysm – common cause of intracerebral haemorrhage, it is a pathological balloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at the point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective. Aneurysms can occur in any part of the body, not just in the brain (even if those ones are the most complicated)
_congenital – aneurysm present at birth
_aneurysm can result from exposure to vascular poisons or infection

Question 11

_cerebral ischemia

Answer 11

TYPE OF STROKE– (ischemic stroke) disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain thus insufficient blood flow to a tissue
CAUSED BY
_thrombosis 
_embolism 
_arteriosclerosis

Question 12

_thrombosis

Answer 12

– blocks blood flow at the site of its formation , ischemic stroke caused by this

Question 13

_embolism

Answer 13

– thrombus that has taken a trip, from a larger vessel where the embolus was formed to a smaller one, ischemic stroke caused by this

Question 14

_arteriosclerosis

Answer 14

– the walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow (usually as the result of fat deposits, can bring to blockage of blood vessels), ischemic stroke caused by this

Question 15

_contusions

Answer 15

CLOSED HEAD INJURY – involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system

Question 16

_hematoma

Answer 16

CLOSED HEAD INJURY– localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue, a bruise

Question 17

_chronic traumatic encephalophaty (CTE)

Answer 17

CLOSED HEAD INJURY – is the dementia and cerebral scarring of boxers, football players and so on

Question 18

_Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Answer 18

CLOSED HEAD INJURY– affects the brain part damaged

Question 19

_epileptic seizures

Answer 19

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY (not all the people who suffer from this are considered epileptic)

Question 20

_focal seizures

Answer 20

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– seizures that don’t involve the entire brain, synchronous bursting of neurons that produces epileptic spiking in the EEG

Question 21

_simple partial seizures

Answer 21

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – focal seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor

Question 22

_complex partial seizures

Answer 22

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– restricted to temporal lobes, the patient experience automatic behaviours (do and undo a thing multiple times)

Question 23

_convulsions

Answer 23

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– seizures that involve tremors, rigidity and loss of balance and consciousness

Question 24

_generalized seizures

Answer 24

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – seizures that involve the entire brain

Question 25

_tonic-clonic seizure

Answer 25

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and convulsions involving tonus and clonus (sensory and motor)

Question 26

_tonic phase

Answer 26

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted.

Question 27

_clonic phase

Answer 27

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – The phase of a grand mal seizure in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements.

Question 28

_hypoxia

Answer 28

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – accompanies a tonic-clonic seizure can cause brain damage, it is shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue

Question 29

_absence seizure

Answer 29

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– no convulsions, disruption of consciousness and cessation of ongoing behaviour

Question 30

_epileptic auras

Answer 30

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– psychological changes before a seizure

Question 31

CAUSES EPILEPSY

Answer 31

CAUSES Almost everything, most common are faults at inhibitory synapses that cause many neurons in a particular area to fire in synchronous bursts _too little inhibition _too much firing of neurons (excitation)

Question 32

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

Answer 32

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER_autoimmune demyelinating disorder – a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks part of the body as if it were a foreign substance. It breaks down myelin (destroys neurons)

Question 33

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) SYMPTOMS

Answer 33

``` SYMPTOMS _attack of myelin of axons in the CNS, usually in early adulthood _depends on number, size and position of sclerotic lesions _visual disturbances _muscular weakness _numbness _tremor _ataxia (loss of motor coordination) _cognitive deficits _emotional changes ```

Question 34

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) causes

Answer 34

CAUSES _females have more chances of getting it _vitamin D deficiency (more at risk if you live in cold places with no sun) _cigarette smoking

Question 35

PARKINSON’S DISEASE | SYMPTOMS

Answer 35

_tremor of the fingers, not much at the beginning _tremor experienced during inactivity but not voluntary movement or sleep _muscular rigidity _difficulty initiating movement _slowness of movement _masklike face _often patient affected suffer from dementia _patients feel trapped in a body they can’t control

Question 36

PARKINSON’S DISEASE CAUSES

Answer 36

_degeneration in substantia nigra (the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia, not a lot of dopamine in substantia nigra of parkinson’s patients. extra_Lewy body – Abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of a-synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson’s disease. extra_alpha-synuclein – A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane, where it is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinson’s disease extra_ parkin – A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to the proteasomes; mutated parkin is a cause of familial Parkinson’s disease.

Question 37

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS

Answer 37

``` It causes dementia _selective decline in memory _deficits in attention _personality changes _confusion _irritability _anxiety _deterioration of speech _simple responses difficulties (swallowing and bladder control) _loss of smell ```

Question 38

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CAUSES

Answer 38

_neurofibrillary tangles – threadlike tangles of protein in neural cytoplasm _amyloid plaques – clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons _neuron loss _microbleeds – small dot-like lesions in the brain

Question 39

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CAUSED BY

Answer 39

_changes in the brain _ageing _genes _down syndrome _life style (obesity-smoking-lack of exercise) _Alzheimer's disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions.

Question 40

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

Answer 40

It is a rare disease, always associated with severe dementia. It is genetic, passed by generation to generation by a dominant gene, called huntingtin. It’s almost sure that if your parents had it then you’ll have it as well

Question 41

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS

Answer 41

_rapid movements _patients incapable of feeding themselves _can’t recognize their own children

Question 42

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

Answer 42

CAUSED BY | _degeneration of basal ganglia

Question 43

SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS

Answer 43

Symptoms are complex and diverse, change during the progression of the disorder and overlap with other disorders. SYMPTOMS _positive symptoms (seem to represent an excess of typical function) _delusions (persecution ideas, think that you’re being controlled) _hallucinations (hearing voices) _inappropriate effect (can’t react with the appropriate emotion) _disorganized speech or thought _odd behaviour (lack of personal hygiene, talking in rhymes, difficulty in performing everyday task) _negative symptoms (seem to represent a reduction or loss of typical function) _affective flattering (diminished emotional expression) _avolition (reduction or absence of motivation) _catatonia (remaining motionless)

Question 44

SCHIZOPHRENIA CAUSES

Answer 44

_genetic, if triggered by experience _early experiences are thought to alter the typical course of neurodevelopment leading to schizophrenia in individuals who have genetic susceptibility _disruption of dopamine (too much dopamine) _brain development went wrong