Task1 - Working Memory Flashcards
Working memory
Active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory
Sensory memory
Brief, transient sensations of what has just been perceived
Automatically and rapidly decays
Short-term memory
A temporary memory that is maintained through active rehearsal or conscious attendance to info
Long- term memory
Memory retains for long periods, possibly permanently, without requiring ongoing maintenance or conscious attention
Athinson-Schifferin model
Input -> Transient memory -> Sensory memory -> attention -> short-term memory, working memory long-term memory
Transient memories (Athinson-Schifferin model)
No permanent memory that lasts seconds or minutes / two types: sensory- and short-term memory
Sensory memory (Athinson-Schifferin model)
Brief, transient sensations of wehtat was just perceived
Form of sensory memory for each sensory modality (persistes less than a second) that include everything in the environment -> captures raw incoming sensory stimuli
Short- term memory (Athinson-Shifrin model)
Info has been recognized and registered by sensory memory
Short term memory maintain this info through active rehearsal
Limited to decay over time and interference
Working memory (Athinson -Schifferin model)
Short- term memory is used as a buffer (temporary holding station) before it is manipulated or otherwise used to affect behavior
Baddeley’s Working- memory model
Maintenance in two independent short term buffers which are manipulated by central executive
Two short-term memory buffers
- Visuspatial sketchpad (holds visual and spatial images)
2. Phonological loop (auditory memory, maintained by rehearsal)
Central executive
Monitors and manipulates buffers
Manipulating= adding and deleting from items in buffers, selecting among items to guide behavior, retrieving info from long-term memory and transferring info to long-term memory
Delayed nonmatch-to-sample task
Test of visual memory in which subject must indicate which of two novel objects is not the same as one that was recently seen -> monkey needs to hold visuspatial memory in buffer until presented with choice)
Place models of memory
‘Multi-store’ models -> imply the existence of two or more different places for memories to be stored
State-based models of memory
‘Unitary-store’ models -> imply there is only one place for memory, although the memories can be at various places
Evidence for cognitive control in many behaviors
- Controlled updating of short-term memory buffers
- Setting goals and planning
- Task switching
- Stimulus attention and response inhibition
Tests for controlled updating of short- term memory buffers
N- back task, self-ordered search
Test for setting goals and planning
Tower of Hanoi
Test for task switching
Wisconsin card setting test
Test for stimulus selection and response inhibition
Strop task
Brain region for working memory
Prefrontal cortex (relatively bigger in humans)
Frontal lobe damage leads to…
Dysexecutive syndrome -> disrupted ability to think and plan, deficits in executive functions and working memory,
Controlled by reflexive and automatic impulses -> normal long-term memory and skill-learning
Preservation
Failure to learn a new response
Division of prefrontal cortex
- Orbital prefrontal cortex
- Medial prefrontal cortex
- (Dorsal- and Ventro-) Lateral prefrontal cortex
