Task1 - Working Memory

Question 1

Working memory

Answer 1

Active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

Brief, transient sensations of what has just been perceived

Automatically and rapidly decays

Question 3

Short-term memory

Answer 3

A temporary memory that is maintained through active rehearsal or conscious attendance to info

Question 4

Long- term memory

Answer 4

Memory retains for long periods, possibly permanently, without requiring ongoing maintenance or conscious attention

Question 5

Athinson-Schifferin model

Answer 5

Input -> Transient memory -> Sensory memory -> attention -> short-term memory, working memory long-term memory

Question 6

Transient memories (Athinson-Schifferin model)

Answer 6

No permanent memory that lasts seconds or minutes / two types: sensory- and short-term memory

Question 7

Sensory memory (Athinson-Schifferin model)

Answer 7

Brief, transient sensations of wehtat was just perceived
Form of sensory memory for each sensory modality (persistes less than a second) that include everything in the environment -> captures raw incoming sensory stimuli

Question 8

Short- term memory (Athinson-Shifrin model)

Answer 8

Info has been recognized and registered by sensory memory
Short term memory maintain this info through active rehearsal
Limited to decay over time and interference

Question 9

Working memory (Athinson -Schifferin model)

Answer 9

Short- term memory is used as a buffer (temporary holding station) before it is manipulated or otherwise used to affect behavior

Question 10

Baddeley’s Working- memory model

Answer 10

Maintenance in two independent short term buffers which are manipulated by central executive

Question 11

Two short-term memory buffers

Answer 11

1. Visuspatial sketchpad (holds visual and spatial images)

2. Phonological loop (auditory memory, maintained by rehearsal)

Question 12

Central executive

Answer 12

Monitors and manipulates buffers
Manipulating= adding and deleting from items in buffers, selecting among items to guide behavior, retrieving info from long-term memory and transferring info to long-term memory

Question 13

Delayed nonmatch-to-sample task

Answer 13

Test of visual memory in which subject must indicate which of two novel objects is not the same as one that was recently seen -> monkey needs to hold visuspatial memory in buffer until presented with choice)

Question 14

Place models of memory

Answer 14

‘Multi-store’ models -> imply the existence of two or more different places for memories to be stored

Question 15

State-based models of memory

Answer 15

‘Unitary-store’ models -> imply there is only one place for memory, although the memories can be at various places

Question 16

Evidence for cognitive control in many behaviors

Answer 16

1. Controlled updating of short-term memory buffers
2. Setting goals and planning
3. Task switching
4. Stimulus attention and response inhibition

Question 17

Tests for controlled updating of short- term memory buffers

Answer 17

N- back task, self-ordered search

Question 18

Test for setting goals and planning

Answer 18

Tower of Hanoi

Question 19

Test for task switching

Answer 19

Wisconsin card setting test

Question 20

Test for stimulus selection and response inhibition

Answer 20

Strop task

Question 21

Brain region for working memory

Answer 21

Prefrontal cortex (relatively bigger in humans)

Question 22

Frontal lobe damage leads to…

Answer 22

Dysexecutive syndrome -> disrupted ability to think and plan, deficits in executive functions and working memory,
Controlled by reflexive and automatic impulses -> normal long-term memory and skill-learning

Question 23

Preservation

Answer 23

Failure to learn a new response

Question 24

Division of prefrontal cortex

Answer 24

1. Orbital prefrontal cortex
2. Medial prefrontal cortex
3. (Dorsal- and Ventro-) Lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 25

Function of left ventrolateral PFC

Answer 25

Phonolocical loop
Anterior: sematic info
Posterior: phonological info

Question 26

Function of right ventrolateral PFC

Answer 26

Visuspatial sketchpad

Question 27

Function of dorsolateral PFC

Answer 27

Central executive -> manipulating information

Question 28

Goal abstraction and frontal-lobe organization

Answer 28

Gradient abstractation from general plans and goals to more specific actions follows physical gradient:

1. Most abstract plan (overall plan/goal) in most anterior part of PFC
2. Goals and plans to be maintained on working memory (specific and concrete) -> posterior region of PFC

Question 29

Prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia

Answer 29

Disturbances in cognition and memory, reduced capacities for executive functions
Deficients of dopamine is related to dysfunction

Question 30

3 fundamental mental processes involved in memory

Answer 30

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 31

Encoding

Answer 31

Info is transformed into a memory code that can be processed mentally

Question 32

Storage

Answer 32

Encoded info is held in memory for some period of time

Memory store = mental ‘location’ in which encoded info is stored

Question 33

Retrieval

Answer 33

Stored info is activated in such a way that it can influence other mental events and behaviors

Question 34

Forgetting occurs because of…

Answer 34

Problems with any one of 3 mental processes