Task2 - Long Term Memory And Consolidation

Question 1

Episodic memory

Answer 1

Memory for specific autobiographical events

Question 2

Semantic memory

Answer 2

Memory for facts or general knowledge about the world and general personal information

Question 3

Features of episodic memory

Answer 3

1. Can be communicated flexibly (declarative)
2. Consciously accessible (explicit memory) -> you know that you know
3. Tagged with spatial and temporal context
4. Autobiographical
5. Learned in single exposure -> can be weakened by exposure to similar events

Question 4

Features of semantic memory

Answer 4

1. Declarative
2. Explicit memory
3. Not necessarily tagged with spatial or temporal context
4. Can be personal or general information
5. Can be learned in single (interesting/important) or multiple exposure

Question 5

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 5

Broad class of memory including skill memory that are not always consciously accessible

Question 6

Implicit memory

Answer 6

Memory that occurs without conscious awareness

Question 7

Which comes first, episodic or semantic memory?

Answer 7

1. View: one need semantic info to form episodic memory (need to know what a birthday is
2. View: semantic memory is just info from blurred episodes that only semantic fact remains
3. View: e. And s. Memory are interdependent and effect each other

Question 8

Semantic memory in animals is tested with…

Answer 8

The radial arm maze -> rat learned after a view exposures to run directly to the goal arm

Question 9

3 principles that govern how successfully a new memory is encoded/ stored

Answer 9

1. mere exposure
2. Memory is better for info that relates to prior knowledge
3. Deeper processing at encoding improves recognition later

Question 10

Mere exposure

Answer 10

Does not guarantee memory -> we handle money every day but can’t describe images on it

Question 11

Info related to prior knowledge

Answer 11

When giving title to a story people remember a story better because background information is activated

Question 12

Deeper processing at encoding

Answer 12

The more deeeply info is analyzed the more likely you successfully encode it
-> levels- of - processing effect (thinking about connections, relationships to other words/ things, semantic content

Question 13

Why can we retrieve stored memories at some times, yet at other not?

Answer 13

1. Transfer- appropriate processing effect (retrieval is better when study and test conditions are similar
2. More cues= better recall (free recall, cued, recall, recognition)
3. Struggling/ failing to remember can improve memory

Question 14

Memory failures

Answer 14

1. Forgetting
2. Interference
3. Source monitoring
4. False memory

Question 15

Forgetting

Answer 15

Better at remembering recent events than long ago

Most forgetting occurs in first few hours/ days after learning

Question 16

Directed forgetting

Answer 16

Procedure in which subjects are first asked to learn info, later asked to remember/ forget specific items -> works

Question 17

Interference

Answer 17

= reduction in the strength of a memory due to overlap with content of other memories

Question 18

Proactive interference

Answer 18

Disruption of new learning by previously stored information

Question 19

Retroactive interference

Answer 19

Disruption of old (previous stored) information by new learning

Question 20

Source monitoring error

Answer 20

Remembering information but being mistaken about the specific episode that is the source of that memory -> semantic content is preserved, but episodic details are distorted

Question 21

False Memory

Answer 21

Memory of an event that never actually happened, particular occur when people are prompted to imagine missing details -> later mistakenly think they are true

Question 22

Association cortex

Answer 22

Many remaining cortical areas are association area -> link information within and across modalities -> formation of basic substrate for semantic information

Question 23

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

Severe loss of the ability to form new episodic and semantic memories , skill and habit learning is still there
Can remember childhood, but not what one did yesterday

Question 24

Brain parts four semantic memory

Answer 24

Hippocampus is less important -> rely more on other medial temporal lobe structure and temporal lobe
Depends primarily on cortical areas in medial temporal lobes

Question 25

FMRI study on hippocampal region

Answer 25

Participants view list of words -> incidental encoding -> surprise recognition test
FMRI activity during incidental encoding phase differs for words that are later recognized compared to words that were not

Question 26

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 26

Loss of memories for events dating from before a brain injury or disruption -> occurs in time graded manner

Question 27

Robot gradient

Answer 27

A pattern of retrograde memory loss in which recently acquired memories are more prone to disruption than older memories

Question 28

Standard consolidation theory

Answer 28

Hippocampus and medial temporal lobe structures are required for storage and retrieval of recent episodic memories but not older ones
Components are stored in different areas in the cortex and are linked via hippocampus
Contribution diminishes over time until cortex is capable of retrieving memory without hippocampus
-> explains temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia (links are destroyed)

Question 29

Multi trace theory

Answer 29

Episodic (and possibly semantic) memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons
Hippocampus and cortex are normally involved in strong and retrieving even very old memories

Retrieving a memory= new episodic memory
A recalled event can have multiple memory traces
Over time general content of these memories become semantic memory, stored in cortex (independent from cortex

Question 30

Korsakoff‘s syndrome

Answer 30

Fail to recall many items /events of the past -> patients deny that anything is wrong and try to find lies (confabulation= fill gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true)

Main cause= lack of Vitamine thiamine (alcoholics)

Question 31

Brain area episodic and semantic memory

Answer 31

Medial temporal lobe diencephalon

Question 32

Brain area Nondeclarative learning

Answer 32

Skill learning
Priming
Conditioning (emotional, muscular)

Question 33

Brain area skill learning

Answer 33

Stratum

Question 34

Brain area Priming

Answer 34

Neocortex

Question 35

Brain area Emotional conditioning

Answer 35

Amygdala

Question 36

Brain area muscular conditioning

Answer 36

Cerebellum