Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bacteriology and virology > taxonomy and phylogeny > Flashcards

taxonomy and phylogeny Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what drove early miscrobial diversity?

A

increase in oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is it hard to pinpoint when viruses evolved?

A

they dont form fossils

humans contain some retroviral DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the cellular classifications

A

fungal, yeasts
protisis: algae slime moulds
bacteria
archea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the acellular classifications

A

viruses
viroids
satellites
pirons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

do bacteria have an encosed nucleu?

A

no

archea dont either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

do bacteria have a kindgom?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

example of a phylum

A

proteobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does candidatus mean>

A

it cannot be grown in pure culture
it is used as a prefix
in this case, genus and species are NOT italisiced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how can you distingish if two strains are the same miscobial species

A

G+C content and larger than 70% DNA-DNA hydridiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define biovars

A

biochemical physiological variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define morphovars

A

morphological variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define serovars

A

serological/antigenic varitants

immunologically reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define pathovars

A

pthogenic variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what recognises all prokaruyotic species?

A

Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a phenotypical classification

A

more attritubtes the better than classification

unweightted traits are used to estimate general simularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define phylogenetics

A

asses the evolutionary relationships amoug organisms
compare 16S rRNA ribosomal sequences

uses evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define genotypic

A

genetic simularities to cloassify species
70% homolgly at DNA hybridisation

uses genes and genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what can be looked at under morpholigcal differences for phenetic classification

A 
microscopic features
staining
spores and location
motility
cellular inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what physiological characteristsis and metabolism can be looked at for phenetic classification

A 
cell wall componenets
energy sources
carbon and nitogen utilisation
fermentation
secdary metabolites
oxygen requirements
pH and temp otimums
antibitoics sensitivitires
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what biochemical factors can differ in bacteria

A

FAME looks at chain length, unaturation, bracnhign etc
proteins can be mad ein the cell and different ones
each spciesl gives a differnt biochemical profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of ecological differences

Study These Flashcards
A

colonization of niches
pathogenesis
symbiotic relationship
temperatures maybe too

22
Q

how can the nucleic acid base composition be used to tell species apart?

Study These Flashcards
A

genome sequecing is used
differnceof 10% in base sequnce suggestes differnt groups
Duplex can form of bse pairings, the G/C content is then used

23
Q

how is DNA hydbisation used?

Study These Flashcards
A

heat the DNA to break it down to single stranded, then cool to allow complementart bonds to form again, similar bit non-identical strands will form less stable dsDNA hybrids
nioinformatie can then be used to assess genome

24
Q

how is nucleic acid sequencing done in bacteriology

Study These Flashcards
A

small subunit ribosomal RNA are used
certain positons on there will differe
oligonucleotide sequences, essential and conserved, not subject to HGT so good to study
16s ribosmal DNA is powerful for species identification

25
how is genomic fingerprinting used?
restriction fragment length polymorphism RFLP
26
what happening is RFLP genomic fingerprinting
PCR amplifies the RNS gene and its digested with a restriction enzyme electrophoresis is carried out if the seuqnce is differnt, the banding will also differ this can also be done for ribotyping
27
what is MLSA
Multilocus sequence analysis
28
how does MLSA work
compares 5-7 housekeeping genes which evolve faster than rRNA multiple genes are looked at to remove HGT effects
29
what is MLST
multilocus sequence typing
30
what happenins in MLST
strains are identfied within species | similar to MLSA
31
what is SNP
single nucleotide polyorphism
32
how does SNP work
polymorphism in speicif genes or noncoding regions | in conserved regions, the single nucleotide can change with signals an evolutionary change
33
what does the length of a branch in phylogogenetic trees signal?
represents number of molecular changes
34
describe the steps of making a phylogenetic tree
- align the sequence - examin for phylogentic signals - choose building method bsitance bse or character - test the legitimacy usign bootstrapping or bayesian inference
35
what are phylogenetic signal?
after sequencing, score the number of non-identical nucleotides make a table of thechanges correct it for forwards/backwards mutations this is used to make the tree
36
define core genome
set of genes found in all members of a species minimal set of genes needed to survive housekeeping genes
37
define the accessroy genome
more recently acquired, non-essential enable new colonization of niches not posessed by all memberes as gained through HGT
38
define the pan genome
combination of all genes found within a toxonminc group.species core and accessory combines
39
what is HGT
exchange of genetic material from the environment or other bacteia
40
what is transofrmation
capturing DNA from the environment through membranes and incorporating this into their genome
41
what is transduction
bacteriohage transmit DNA between bacteri a | phage go wrong and take up batceirla DNA instead of viral and insert this into a new bacteria
42
what is cojugation
bacteria unergo form of sexual reproduction requirs a certain plasmid sex pillus used to fuze wit other bacteria and transfer the plasmid
43
how do bacteria evolve?
vertial transmittion of mutations introduces genetic variation into a homogeous population add it HGT and this adds more vairation too
44
define virus
composed of protein aand nucleic acids | lacks metabolism and replicates only in host cells
45
define viriods
subviral particles single stranded RNA molecules no capsid only known to infect plants
46
define satelites
subviral nucleic acid and protine canot work on their own
47
defien prions
infectious proteins | cause spongiforms
48
what is the ICTV
``` international committe on taxonomy of viruses 6 orderes 87 families based on: - nucleic acid envolop capid symetry dimersions 19 subfamilies 349 genera ```
49
what is the ending forvirus order names
-virales
50
whats the ending for virus family names
-viridae
51
whats the ending for subfamily names
- virinae
52
whats the ending for genus names
-virus

bacteriology and virology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions