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Principles In Biology > Taxonomy, Evolution and Speciation > Flashcards

Taxonomy, Evolution and Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the father of taxonomy?

A
  • Carolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778)
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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A
  • The science of classification of extant and extinct organisms
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3
Q

What is the order for the taxanomic ranking of species?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family

7.Genus

  1. Species
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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • Archaea= Prokaryotic
  • Bacteria= Prokaryotic
  • Eucarya/ Eukaryotes
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5
Q

What is the difference between archaea and bacteria?

A
  • Archaea are organisms that have distinct molecular characteristics separate from bacteria
  • Bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls
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6
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • Manera
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Fungi
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7
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?
For example Tyto alba…

A
  • Species names, used to identify species around the world under one name
  • Contains two parts of the taxonomic rank, genus and species
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8
Q

How do we use binomial nomenclature?

A
  • Always in italics
  • Underline if hand written
  • Genus (always capital beginning) and species is lower case
    For example… Tyto alba
  • In all work all species must have a scientific name
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9
Q

Why do we have scientific names?

A

To give a universal name around the world

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10
Q

In scholary work, when a species is first referred to, what should you also add (other than the species name)?

A

The name of the person who described the species and the date

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11
Q

What is phenetic classification based on?

A

Physical characteristics

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12
Q

What are the ways animals are classified using phenetic classification?

A

•The species is defined by fixed, essential features

•Type specimen

•Small differences were considered accidental imperfections

•New species would have large differences

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13
Q

What is a limitation of phenetic classification?

A

Some animals may look the same but be classified as different species

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14
Q

What is phylogenetic classification based on?

A

•Ancestry and relatedness

•Modern but also old way

•Looking at the probable evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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16
Q

How do we use DNA?

A

We use it via DNA similarities

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17
Q

What are the limitations of DNA?

A

We cannot DNA test extinct species as fossils

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18
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

‘Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups’ (Mayr, 1942)

OR simply…

‘Two individuals who can interbreed to produce fertile offspring’

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19
Q

What are the exceptions for the biological species concept?

A

• Two separate species have evolved separately which can hybridize when they breed and are fertile

• example… Bambina bambina × Bambina variagata (Yellow bellied toad)

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20
Q

What are trilobites?

A

•Marine invertebrate species

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21
Q

How old are trilobites?

A

•Lived for nearly 300 million years through paleozoic

•Only fossils remaining

•Over 25,000 species

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22
Q

What is the morphological species concept used for?

A

Fossils, look at physical differences

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23
Q

What does the evolutionary species concept look at?

A

A species lineage and when it creates its own from descendants

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24
Q

Who is Alfred Russel Wallace?

A

A naturalist who explored South America

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25
What did Alfred Russell Wallace do?
•Noticed the variety of birds •Sent a letter to Darwin about his idea in 1858
26
When was the Origin of Species published?
1859
27
What does the origin of species contain?
•Natural selection •Domestication •Species and varieties •Divergence, tree of life •Geological record •Classification, morphology, embryology, rudimentary organs
28
What is a common phrase used to describe natural selection?
Survival of the fittest
29
What is Artificial selection?
•Evolutionary process where humans select for and against traits in organisms •Domestication
30
What is divergent evolution?
Species with a common ancestor evolve different traits, perhaps increasingly occupying different ecological niches
31
What is convergent evolution?
The process where organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits because of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches
32
What is parallel evolution?
They share a similar evolutionary trait but also have a similar ancestor
33
What is macro evolution?
•Large scale changes over a long period of time •Using fossil evidence •Not directly observed
34
What is micro evolution?
•Changes within a population on a generation length •observable •experimental evidence
35
What is embryology?
The study of the formation and development of the embryo and foetus
36
What is an example of embryology?
•Tooth whales have a full set of teeth throughout their lives •Baleen whales only have teeth in the early foetal stage and loose them before birth •Presence of teeth in foetal baleen whales provides evidence that they have common ancestry with tooth whales
37
What are homologous structures?
Similar features, same structures but different function
38
What are analogous structures?
Different structures but same function, no common ancestor
39
What is speciation?
The formation of a new and distinct species over the course of evolution
40
What are the different modes of selection?
•Directional •Stabilising •Disruptive
41
What is directional selection?
Favouring extremes at one end of the spectrum
42
What is an example of directional selection?
Giraffe necks
43
What is stabilising selection?
Extremes are not favoured (favours the average)
44
What is an example of stabilising selection?
Robin eggs- 2 is too little, 6 is too many and 4 is favoured
45
What is disruptive selection?
Favour extremes at both ends
46
What is an example of disruptive selection?
Peppered moth, dark and light colours
47
What are the pressures for speciation to occur?
•Environmental •Resources (food) •Predators •Parasites •Disease
48
What are the two types of natural selection?
•Ecological selection •Sexual selection
49
What is sexual selection?
'Selection that arises from fitness differences associated with nonrandom success in the competition for access to gametes for fertilisation' (Shuker and kvarnervo 2021)
50
When was sexual selection first proposed?
By Charles Darwin in his second publication after origin of species
51
What are the two types of sexual selection?
•Intrasexual selection •Intersexual selection
52
What is intrasexual selection?
Male vs Male/ male competition
53
What is an example of intrasexual selection?
Buffalo's fighting for a female
54
What is intersexual selection?
Female chooses male (mate choice)
55
What is an example of intersexual selection?
Birds of paradise- females pick the males with the most impressive feathers
56
What are the types of ecological selection?
•Allopatric •Sympatric •Peripatric •Parapatric
57
What is allopatric selection?
Geographical separation, over time genotypes become so different they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring
58
What is Sympatric selection?
When a species becomes reproductively separated without large geographical separation, instead environmental factors (food availability)
59
What is an example of sympatric selection?
Apple maggot fly
60
What is an example of allopatric selection?
Darwins finches
61
What is Peripatric selection?
•A version of allopatric speciation, one of the isolated populations has very few individuals •Some individuals in that population carry mutation in genes •The population splits
62
What is an example of Peripatric selection?
•London underground mosquito- a sub species of common house mosquito starting to speciate •Loss of cold tolerance and hibernation
63
What is Parapatric selection?
•Spread over a large geographical area •no extrinsic barrier to gene flow •population does not mate randomly •More likely to mate with geographic neighbours
64
What is an example of Parapatric selection?
Baltimore and Bullocks oviote where the populations are separated but still meet, creating a hybrid zone

Principles In Biology (5 decks)

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