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Perception and Cognition > TB8 - Introduction to Higher Level Perception > Flashcards

TB8 - Introduction to Higher Level Perception Flashcards

1
Q

How to Hubel and Wiesel refer to cells in the primary visual cortex

A

Simple > Complex > Hyper Complex

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2
Q

Where are cells for face processing usually found?

A

In the inferior temporal cortex

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3
Q

What is the theory of grandmother cells?

A

Specific cells that respond only to one thing and nothing else.

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4
Q

What did Thompson (1980) find with regards to face processing?

A

That we analyse a face holistically until features are inverted, then we analyse features individually.

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5
Q

What did Perrett (1982) find with regards to face recognition?

A

Found cells that respond to certain features more than if they were viewing the whole face.
They also found a cell that responds differently to different features but still preferred the overall face.

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6
Q

What did Rhode (2010) find with regards to facial recognition?

A

Adaption to faces of different race meant that cells responded more to differences rather than familiarities

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7
Q

What did Quiroga (2005) find?

A

Found cells that responded specifically to Jennifer Anniston, even over women that looked similar to her. There was another cell that did the same for Halle Berry.

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8
Q

What do cells in the temporal cortex do with regards to faces?

A

Combine features
Generalise size, position, lighting, orientation
Selective to view of the face

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9
Q

What did Perrett (1991) find with regards to face views?

A

They found a cell that fired significantly more for faces directly face-on. It did this for eight types of faces.
Another cell responded to specific angles.

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10
Q

What did Perrett (1985) find with regards to social attention?

A

The cell responds more when the eyes are facing the same direction.
Another cell was found that codes for when attention is directed downwards, taking into account the body.

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11
Q

What makes a face attractive?

A 
Symmetry
Averageness
Secondary sexual traits
Skin health and colour 
Hormone levels and fertility
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12
Q

How do hormone levels and fertility affect facial attractiveness?

A

Masculine features in males are viewed as having good medical health, reproductive potential and strength, whilst feminine characteristics are viewed as being good for long term relationships.
Women prefer masculine features when most fertile, but contraceptives can interrupt this.

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13
Q

What are V4 and V5 selective for

A

V4 - Colour

V5 - Direction of movement/motion processing

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14
Q

What are properties of V5 cells?

A

Larger receptive fields than V1
Sensitive to direction and speed
Stimulating them can bias the perception of motion direction.

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15
Q

What are properties of cells in the medial superior temporal lobe (MST)?

A

Larger receptive fields than V5

Cells are sensitive to translation and expansion as well as contraction and rotation.

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16
Q

What can be categorised as biological motion?

A 
Actions
Speech
Gender
Emotion
Body Weight
Identity
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17
Q

What is implied motion?

A

You can make inferences of people’s behaviour looking at their motion.

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18
Q

What did Zeki (1991; 1993) find with regards to movement?

A

There’s greater area in V5 when viewing moving squares over stationary.
V5 was also active when viewing an illusion of motion.

19
Q

How do we integrate form and motion?

A

The STS is a convergence point for ventral and dorsal processing so here the form and motion info gets integrated.

20
Q

What is the backscroll illusion?

A

When the video of walker is placed in front of bars swapping positions in no specific direction, the bars suddenly seem to be moving the opposite direction of the walker.

21
Q

Why is action perception important?

A

Allows humans to have an evolutionary and social advantage.

22
Q

Where does action perception take place?

A

Neurons that respond to actions are primarily found in the superior temporal sulcus.
Ventral pathway detects shape and form. Dorsal pathway detects motion.

23
Q

Does a different environmental condition change our perception of actions?

A

No, cells will still fire as long as something is in the receptive field

24
Q

What did Downing (2001) find with regards to specialised action processing systems in humans?

A

He found regions that respond to whole bodies > just body parts > face parts > faces > objects.
These regions were the EBA and the FFA, showing functional specialisation.

25
Q

What did Rizzolatti (1996) find with regards to the STS and IFG?

A

Selective response to actions such as hand actions.

26
Q

What are some sub-regions of the STS?

A

Posterior superior temporal sulcus (body movement, goals and intentions)
Temporal parietal junction (specific concepts of mental states and theory of mind)
Superior temporal gyrus

27
Q

How does perception of intention develop?

A

Infants attend to human bodies
Toddlers understand goal directed actions
Pre-schoolers then have a theory of mind

28
Q

Which cells have been found to respond to mouth movements?

A

STS cells in monkeys.

29
Q

What did Calvert (1997)

A

Brain activity occurred in posterior areas for watchips lips move. The STS in humans was most active when seeing lips move and hearing the sounds.

30
Q

What did Neville (1999) find with regards to brain activation and those that sign?

A

Those who could sign fluently were scanned whilst viewing ASL and nonsense hand gestures. STS was significantly more active when viewing the ASL, suggesting that it is important for general communication via actions.

31
Q

What can be seen with the STS when veiwing emotional actions?

A

More activity is seen in the STS when the action is performed in an emotional way rather than a neutral way. The STS is highly connected with the amygdala.

32
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus (F5)?

A

A sub-region of the premotor cortex where mirror neurons were first thought to be found in monkey brains.

33
Q

When do mirror neurons respond?

A

During a goal directed action, as well as the sight of one.

34
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that respond when both when completing an action or viewing that action

35
Q

What did Umilta (2001) find with regards to mirror neurons in monkeys?

A

Mirror neurons still fired when monkeys could not see the end of an action but still understood the outcome of it

36
Q

What did Fadiga (1995) and Mukamel (2010) find with regards to mirror neurons in humans?

A

MEPs (potentials in muscles) increase during action observation. For example, listening to words that use the tongue to generate the sounds enhance MEPs in the tongue.
Found evidence for mirror neurons in the supplementary motor area and hippocampus,

37
Q

What did Hamilton (2004) find with regards to the perception of weight?

A

Participants that lifted heavy objects perceived other’s objects as being lighter, and vice versa.

38
Q

What did Jacobs & Shiffrar (2005) find with regards to perception of speed?

A

Participants on a treadmill found it difficult to judge the speed of a walker whilst participants on an exercise bike did not

39
Q

What is simulation theory?

A

To understand another’s actions we must be able to simulate the action in our own motor system.

40
Q

What is theory theory?

A

We acquire and deploy a common sense of theory of mind, a set of causal/explanatory laws?

41
Q

What did Iacoboni (2005) find with regards to understanding action intention?

A

Participants changed the intention of a scene based on the image.
There was greater activity seen in the premotor cortex when a scene contained intention vs passive. This suggests that mirror neurons were involved in understanding the intention of the action.

42
Q

Are there mirror neurons for touch?

A

Somatosensory neurons that respond during touch also respond when another person is being touched. This is empathy, as you don’t actually feel the touch. However, if you block mechanoreceptors that tell your brain nothing is touching you then you can feel the touch you are observing.

43
Q

What suggestions are there for mirror neurons involvement in language?

A

The F5 in monkeys that observes and mouth gestures is the homologue of the human Broca speech area.
When the observer understands an action’s intention this is a form of communication.

44
Q

How is ASD related to mirror neurons?

A

It is thought that there is a deficit in the mirror neuron system in ASD as the cortical thinning is often in areas associated with them.
Those with ASD do not show as much “mu rhythm” suppression, which occurs during observation of actions.

Perception and Cognition (3 decks)

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