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TBL 11 (Module VI) Flashcards

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1
Q

Another name for pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

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2
Q

Difference between neuroendrocrine cells and neurons? What does the former secrete?

A

Neuroendocrine cells end at blood vessels; “neurohormones”

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3
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary is called…

A

Adenohypophysis

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4
Q

Posterior lobe of pituitary is called…

A

Neurohypophysis

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5
Q

What is the adenohypophysis derived from?

A

Ectoderm from roof of mouth

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6
Q

What is the neurohypophysis derived from?

A

Ectoderm from floor of brain

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7
Q

What separates the pars distalis from pars nervosa?

A

Pars intermedia

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8
Q

What is derived from Rathke’s pouch?

A

Adenohypophysis

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9
Q

What part os the pituitary is comprised of glandular tissue?

A

Adenohypophysis

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10
Q

What part of the pituitary is comprised of neural secretory tissue?

A

Neurohypophysis

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11
Q

What is derived from Rathke’s pouch?

A

Adenohypophysis (maybe pars intermedia?)

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12
Q

Components of the adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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13
Q

Components of the neurohypophysis

A

Median eminence, infundibulum, pars nervosa

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14
Q

2 types of chromophils

A

Acidophils and basophils

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15
Q

Contents of pars distalis

A

Chromophils, chromophobes, folliculostelalte cells (nonsecretory, function unknown)

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16
Q

Acidophil secretions

A

Growth hormone (via somatotrophs), prolactin (via mammotrophs/lactotrophs)

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17
Q

Basophil secretions

A

TSH (by thyrotrophs), FSH/LH (by gonadotrophs), ACTH (by corticotrophs)

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18
Q

Describe the purpose of the hypothalamophyseal portal system

A

Concentrates and directs hypothalamic hormones directly to pituitary before entering general circulation; hypothalamic hormones thusly effective in miniscule amounts

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19
Q

Describe blood flow that carries hypothalamic hormones to pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus is perfused by the superior hypophyseal artery, which shunts hormones from the primary capillary plexus to the secondary capillary plexus in the pars distalis via hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

Where is MSH secreted?

A

Pars intermedia (from the cuboidal/colloid-containing cells?)

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21
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei “feed into” the pars nervosa

A

Paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus

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22
Q

What cells produce oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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23
Q

Where are herring bodies found? What are they?

A

Neurohypophysis; neurosecretory vesicles at nerve endings

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24
Q

Describe the contents of the neurohypophysis

A

Herring bodies, pituicytes (supporting cells) and capillaries

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25
Where is ADH found (within hypothalamus-hypophysis)?
AVN of hypothalamus and Herring bodies of neurohypophysis
26
Where is corpora arenacea found?
Pineal gland
27
What is the distinguishing characteristic of the pineal gland?
Corpora arenacea ("brain sand")
28
Effects of melatonin? How is it regulated?
Circadian rhythms, also antigonadal effects in rats; sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion
29
What is the structural unit of the thyroid gland
Thyroid follicle
30
Where is thyroglobulin found within the thyroid gland?
Colloid
31
What is the function of parafollicular cells?
Synthesize and secrete calcitonin
32
Why is the thyroid gland unique among endocrine glands?
Its precursor hormone (thyroglobulin) is stored extracellularly
33
What is TRH? What does it do?
Thyroid releasing hormone is a hypothalamic hormone; stimulates release of TSH from thyrotrophs of pars distalis
34
4 steps of T3/T4 synthesis and release
TSH initiates all of the following: (i) synthesis of thyroglobulin, (ii) uptake of iodide and oxidation to iodine, (iii) iodination of thyroglobulin to MIT/DIT, (iv) formation of T3/T4
35
Regulatory effects of T3? T4?
For both - negative feedback inhibition of hypothalamus and thyrotrophs of pituitary
36
What is Graves' disease? What causes it? Symptoms?
Hyperthyroidism caused by diffuse hyper plastic goiter; opththalmopathy (lid stare, eye bulging), heat intolerance, nervousness, irritability, weight loss (even with good appetite)
37
What disease is associated with TSH receptor-stimulating autoantibodies?
Graves' disease
38
What disease is associated with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
39
What disease is associated with TSH receptor-blocking autoantibodies?
Primary hypothyroidism
40
Name one possible cause of secondary hyperthyroidism
Possible TSH adenoma in adenoypophysis
41
Hashimoto thyroiditis symptoms?
Goiter, hypothyroidism
42
Primary hypothyroidism cause? Symptoms?
TSH receptor-blocking autoantibodies; low BP, low HR, low RR, low body temp and myxedema (peripheral nonpitting edema)
43
Cause of secondary hypothyroidism?
Deficiency in adenohypophysis (low TSH secretion) or hypothalamus (low TRF secretion)
44
2 mechanisms by which calcitonin reduces blood calcium
Directly inhibiting osteoclast activity, thusly reducing bone resorption; promoting excretion of calcium by the kidney
45
Contents of parathyroid glands
Chief cells (parathyroid hormone), oxyphils (filled with mitochondria), adipose cells
46
Function of PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Increase blood calcium
47
Mechanisms by which PTH increases blood calcium
Release RANK ligand to activate osteoclasts (from osteoblasts); synthesis of vitamin D3, calcium and phosphate reabsorption within the kidney
48
Cause and symptoms of primary hypoparathyroidism
Deficiency in PTH; dense bones, spastic muscle contractions, convulsions, tetany, death
49
Cause and symptoms of pseudohypoparathyroidism
Abnormal PTH receptors; leads to hypocalcemia inspire of high PTH levels
50
Cause and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism
Usually hormone-secreting tumor of chief cells; thinning of bones and deposits of bone in soft tissue
51
Pancreatic islet secretions (4)
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
52
What cells secrete glucagon? Where are they located?
A cells; periphery of islets
53
What cells secrete insulin? Where are they located?
B (beta) cells; interior of islets
54
What cells secrete somatostatin?
D cells
55
What cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?
F cells
56
Cause of type 1 diabetes? What histologic feature will be present because of this?
Autoantibodies cause destruction of beta cells; lymphocytic infiltrations in islets
57
Cause of type 2 diabetes
Peripheral resistance to insulin AND abnormal beta cell function
58
What is the adrenal cortex derived from, embryologically
Mesoderm
59
What is the adrenal medulla derived from, embryologically?
Neural crest ectoderm
60
3 zones of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
61
Zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex) secretions
Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
62
Zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex) secretions
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
63
Zona reticularis (adrenal cortex) secretions
Weak androgens
64
What part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones?
Cortex
65
What part of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines?
Medulla
66
What part of the adrenal gland is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal medulla
67
What is Conn syndrome? Cause?
Primary aldosteronism (elevated aldosterone) caused by aldosterone-secreting tumor
68
Possible causes of Cushing syndrome
Administration of large doses of steroids to treat primary disease, ACTH-secreting adenoma, adrenal cortical adenoma
69
Cause and result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Mutations in genes for steroid synthesizing enzymes resulting in elevated androgens
70
What is Addison's disease? Cause?
Primary adrenal insufficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
71
What cells (in the adrenal gland) are modified postganglionic neurons? Where are they found?
Chromaffin cells; adrenal medulla
72
Difference between chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine vs. norepinephrine
Norepinephrine-secreting cells have larger granules
73
What regulates chromaffin cell secretion?
Innervation by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
74
What is a pheochromocytoma?
Catecholamine producing tumor (both epi and NE) of the adrenal medulla
75
What is a neuroblastoma?
Neoplasm containing primitive neuroblasts (40% occur in medulla)

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