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Anatomy Unit 4 > TBL 29 > Flashcards

TBL 29 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What bones form the walls of the orbits?

A

Medial: ethmoid
Lateral: zygomatic and greater wings of sphenoid bone
Floor: maxilla
Roof: frontal bone

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2
Q

Where is the optic canal?

A

Just medial to the superior orbital fissure

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3
Q

What are bands of dense connective tissue that strengthen each eyelid?

A

Tarsus

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4
Q

What does the levator palpebral attach to?

A

Dermis of superior eyelid

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5
Q

What is the distal, smooth muscle portion of the levator palpebral?

A

Superior tarsal muscle that attaches to tarsus

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6
Q

What does the levator palpebral muscle serve as an antagonist to?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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7
Q

What does the puncta drain into?

A

Nasolacrimal duct that empties onto epithelial surface of inferior nasal meatus

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8
Q

What are the optic vesicles formed from?

A

Bilateral projections from neuroectoderm of diencephalon

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9
Q

What happens when the distal ends of the optic vesicles contact the surface ectoderm?

A

Invagination of vesicles and thickening of surface ectoderm forms lens placodes

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10
Q

What does invagination of optic vesicles form?

A

Double-layered optic cups

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11
Q

What does invagination of lens placodes form?

A

Lens vesicles

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12
Q

How are optic cups attached to the forebrain?

A

By optic stalks

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13
Q

How is the choroid fissure formed?

A

Invagination of the optic stalks and cups, through which the hyaloid artery courses

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14
Q

What conveys branches of the hyoid artery to the developing lens?

A

Mesenchyme that invades the inside of the optic cups via choroid fissure

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15
Q

What replaces mesenchyme when branches to the lens obliterate and disappear?

A

Vitreous body

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16
Q

What does the outer layer of the optic cups become?

A

Thin pigmented layer of retina

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17
Q

What does the inner layer of the optic cups become?

A

Thick neural layer

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18
Q

What happens when the choroid fissure fuses?

A

Transformation of optic stalk into optic nerve - central artery of retina surrounded by optic nerve fibers

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19
Q

Which layer is vascularized, choroid or sclera?

A

Choroid

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20
Q

What is the sclera continuous with posteriorly?

A

Cranial dura that covers optic nerve

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21
Q

What artery supplies the choroid and sclera?

A

Branches of ciliary artery

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22
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?

Origin?

A

Central retinal and ciliary artery in the orbit after traversing optic canal
Origin: internal carotid artery

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23
Q

What is the ratio of rods to cones?

A

15:1

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24
Q

What secretes aqueous humor into the posterior chamber?

A

Nonpigmented layer of ciliary body epithelium

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25
Where does aqueous humor drain from the anterior chamber?
Canal of Schlemm that empties into venules of sclera
26
What muscles reside in the stroma of the iris?
Pupillary dilator and constrictor muscles
27
What type of epithelium is found in the posterior cornea?
Simple cuboidal
28
What type of epithelium is found in the anterior cornea?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
29
What is the attachment site for zonular fibers?
Capsule surrounding lens
30
What are crystallins?
Cytoplasmic proteins inside lens fibers generated from anterior epithelium of lens
31
What cranial nerves pass from the cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure into the orbit?
Occulomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and abducens nerve (CN VI)
32
What ganglion is located in the posterior extent of the orbit?
Parasympathetic ciliary ganglion
33
What synapses in the ciliary ganglion?
Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers from CN III Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers join short ciliary nerve, branch of nasociliary nerve (from V1) for transport to ciliary muscle and pupillary constrictor
34
What is the somatic sensory innervation of the short ciliary nerve?
Posterior aspect of the eye
35
What is the somatic sensory innervation of the long ciliary nerve?
Cornea, conducted back to the trigeminal ganglion | Also transports sympathetic fibers to pupillary dilator muscles
36
What artery arises from the internal carotid at its 180 degree turn?
Ophthalmic artery
37
What drains into the superior ophthalmic vein?
Supraorbital vein
38
What does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into? How does it get there?
Cavernous sinus | Superior orbital fissure
39
What drains into the inferior ophthalmic vein?
Ciliary vein
40
What does the inferior ophthalmic vein drain into?
Cavernous sinus or pterygoid venous plexus in infratemporal fossa
41
What does the central retinal vein drain into? How does it get there?
Cavernous sinus | Optic canal
42
What is the external acoustic meatus formed by?
Ectodermal invagination of 1st pharyngeal cleft
43
Where does the external acoustic meatus terminate?
At the tympanic membrane
44
What happens to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal clefts?
Normally obliterated
45
What forms the auditory tube?
Endoderm of the 1st pharyngeal pouch
46
Where is the tympanic cavity located?
Petrous temporal bone
47
What innervates the mucosa of the external acoustic meatus?
Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3)
48
What does the tympanic nerve branch off of?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
49
What does the tympanic nerve innervate?
Mucosa and internal surface of tympanic membrane
50
How does the tympanic nerve enter the tympanic cavity?
It pierces a fissure in the external surface of the petrous temporal bone
51
What is the course of the facial nerve en route to the stylomastoid foramen?
Courses in facial canal within medial and posterior walls of tympanic cavity
52
What happens to the chorda tympani after it arises from the facial canal?
Enters tympanic cavity and crosses medial surface of malleus bone en route to fissure in floor of cavity for entrance to infratemporal fossa
53
What is the moveable bony chain that spans the tympanic cavity composed of?
Malleus, incus, stapes (lateral to medial)
54
Where does the malleus insert?
Into the superior tympanic membrane
55
Where does the stapes insert?
Into the membranous oval window
56
What does the oval window separate?
Tympanic cavity and vestibule of the bony labyrinth
57
How do levator and tensor palatine muscles contribute to the function of the auditory tube?
Levator palatine pushes against one wall, tensor palatine pulls on the other to open the pharyngotympanic tube
58
What is the otic vesicle?
Auditory vesicle in surface ectoderm at level of hindbrain
59
What happens after invagination of the otic vesicle?
Vesicle separates from the surface ectoderm and forms membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
60
What does the bony labyrinth consist of?
Series of cavities in petrous temporal bone called: | Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
61
What fills both the membranous and bony labyrinths?
CSF-like fluid
62
What occupies the vestibule of the bony labyrinth?
Utricle and saccule
63
What do outpocketings from the utricle form?
Semicircular ducts that fill semicircular canals of bony labyrinth
64
Where does the cochlear duct extend from?
From saccule into cochlea of the bony labyrinth
65
How is sensory information from sensory epithelia of semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule conveyed?
Via peripheral projecting fibers from bipolar neurons of the vestibular ganglion that synapse at sensory epithelia
66
What kind of acceleration activates sensory epithelia of the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts?
Utricle and saccule: linear acceleration | Semicircular ducts: angular acceleration
67
What is the vestibular division of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)?
Central axons of vestibular ganglion
68
What is the cochlear division of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
Central projecting fibers from spiral ganglion
69
How does CN VIII synapse with sensory neurons in the brainstem?
By traversing the internal acoustic meatus of the petrous temporal bone
70
How are sound waves perceived?
Tympanic membrane transmits vibrations to ossicles and oval window Vibration of oval window creates pressure waves in fluid-filled scala vestibuli that continue into scala tympani at helicotrema Movement of spiral organ by pressure waves activates sensory cells to induce conduction of action potentials to spiral ganglion and CN VIII
71
What does the round window do?
Dissipate hydraulic pressure in scala tympani into air of the tympanic cavity
72
What do tensor tympani and stapedius muscles do?
Insert into the malleus and stapes, dampening oscillatory range of tympanic membrane and oval window
73
What is the innervation of the stapedius muscle?
CN VII
74
What is the innervation of the tensor tympani muscle?
CN V3

Anatomy Unit 4 (7 decks)

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