TBL 8 Intro to Neuroscience

Question 1

The brain has four lobes:

Answer 1

1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe

Question 2

The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe is divided by _______.

Answer 2

central sulcus

Question 3

The occipital lobe and the parietal lobe is divided by ________.

Answer 3

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 4

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata form the _________.

Answer 4

brain stem

Question 5

The _______ is the uppermost part of the brain.

Answer 5

cerebrum

Question 6

The neuron doctrine is a universally accepted concept that the nervous system is made up of (individual discrete/one big) cells.

Answer 6

individual cells (neurons)

Question 7

The ________ of the brain receives sensory information and sends messages to move skeletal muscle (voluntary movement).

Answer 7

cerebral cortex

Question 8

The _______ of the brain relays most sensory information from the spinal cord and certain parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 8

thalamus

Question 9

The _______ of the brain is responsible for controlling various homeostatic functions.

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

The ________ is a highly motile actin-based structure found at the growing end of a developing axon.

Answer 10

growth cone

Question 11

The growth cone facilitates axon guidance by bundling and extending actin filaments into finger-like extensions known as _______.

Answer 11

filopodia

Question 12

_____ cells are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.

Answer 12

Glial cells

Question 13

_____ cells are involved in myelination of axons, providing structure and support for neurons and maintaining homeostasis.

Answer 13

Glial

Question 14

__________ cells are progenitor cells which are responsible for producing all neurons in the cerebral cortex. They also produce certain lineages of glial cells.

Answer 14

Radial glial

Question 15

The __________ fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord.

Answer 15

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 16

The __________ fluid is involved in neurogenesis, maturation of the nervous system and waste clearance. It contains proteins, lipids, microRNAs and glucose.

Answer 16

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

Neurons have a (low/high) metabolic rate and therefore require constant supply of blood and glucose. They are highly sensitive to oxygen and glucose deprivation.

Answer 17

high

Question 18

The brain is supplied with blood via the ______ artery and the ______ artery.

Answer 18

vertebral artery and the internal carotid artery

Question 19

____ is a brain imaging method that make use of blood oxygen level dependent contrast. (There will be higher blood flow to the region where neurons are more active.)

Answer 19

fMRI

Question 20

______ imaging can be used to view individual neurons in the nervous system, relying on the fact that the intracellular levels of (ion) will rise when the action potential is fired.

Answer 20

Calcium

Question 21

________ alter functional networks in the nervous system.

Answer 21

Neuromodulators

Question 22

The peripheral nervous system consists of _____ nerves and _____ nerves.

Answer 22

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 23

_______ nervous system is for voluntary movements; whereas _______ nervous system is for involuntary movements.

Answer 23

Somatic - voluntary

Visceral/Autonomic - involuntary

Question 24

The _________ of the white matter in the brain is involved in memory storage. (particularly learning new long-term memories)

Answer 24

hippocampus

Question 25

The _______ of the brain is involved with emotions, particularly ____.

Answer 25

amygdala; fear

Question 26

Each neuron consists of 3 regions.

Answer 26

Dendrites, axon and cell body (soma)

Question 27

The ________ of the neuron surrounds the nucleus, and contains ER and GA responsible for the synthesis and processing of proteins.

Answer 27

cell body

Question 28

_______ of the neuron receive information and contains receptors for neurotransmitters released from adjacent neurons.

Answer 28

Dendrites

Question 29

The _____ of the neuron conducts information away from the soma and the dendrites via action potentials.

Answer 29

Axon

Question 30

The motor cortex in the brain receives information from the _________.

Answer 30

basal ganglia

Question 31

The initiation of voluntary movement and suppression of unwanted movement begins at the ________.

Answer 31

basal ganglia

Question 32

The _______ of the brain is involved in the coordination of ongoing movement.

Answer 32

cerebellum

Question 33

The cerebellum of the brain will transmit information to the _______.

Answer 33

brain stem centers

Question 34

The Broca's area of the brain is found to be important for (comprehension/speech). Therefore, Broca's aphesia will cause the patient to have _________________.

Answer 34

important for speech | cause the patient to have normal comprehension, poor speech

Question 35

The Wernicke's area of the brain is found to be important for (comprehension/speech). Therefore, Wernicke's aphesia will cause the patient to have _______________.

Answer 35

important for comprehension | cause the patient to have normal speech, poor comprehension

Question 36

The __________ of the brain is known to be important for attention.

Answer 36

Parietal cortex

Question 37

The hemispatial neglect syndrome is a neuropsychological condition where there is damage to the (right/left) ____________. This causes them to not be able to focus their attention on the left side of things.

Answer 37

right parietal cortex

Question 38

Visual pathway: | ______ --> Optic nerve --> Optic ______ --> _______ in the brain ---> Cerebral cortex

Answer 38

Visual pathway: | Retina --> Optic nerve --> Optic chiasm --> Thalamus --> Cerebral cortex

Question 39

There are 3 main types of glial cells.

Answer 39

1. Astrocytes 2. Ogliodendrocyte 3. Microglial cell

Question 40

_______ (type of glial cell) function to maintain an appropriate chemical environment.

Answer 40

Astrocytes

Question 41

________ (type of glial cell) function to lay down myelin.

Answer 41

Ogliodendrocytes

Question 42

________ (type of glial cell) remove cellular debris.

Answer 42

Microglial cell

Question 43

During depolarisation, (ion) channels open to allow (ion) to (move in/out) of the cell, making the neuron more positively-charged.

Answer 43

Na+ channels open to allow Na+ ions to move into the cell, down the concentration gradient --> Depolarisation will occur (until the threshold is reached when an action potential will be induced)

Question 44

Repolarisation of the neurons involve (ion) channels opening to allow (ion) to (move in/out) of the cell, making the neuron more negatively-charged.

Answer 44

K+ ion channels open to allow K+ ions to flow out of the cell down the concentration gradient --> repolarises the cell

Question 45

(Passive/active) conduction decays over distance. This refers to the absence of action potentials being induced.

Answer 45

Passive conduction i.e. depolarisation only without action potentials being triggered. Current might leak out of the membrane due to the K+ ion channels along the way. Therefore, depolarisation is the most pronounced at the site of injection.

Question 46

(Passive/active) conduction, which involves the induction of action potentials, is constant over distance. This is because more voltage-gated sodium channels can be recruited along the way to continue the action potential for each cycle.

Answer 46

Active conduction

Question 47

Local depolarisation will cause more sodium channels to open as they are __________.

Answer 47

voltage-gated

Question 48

The _______ period of an axon refers to the period where the axon is incapable of propagating another action potential.

Answer 48

refractory

Question 49

_____ is a lipid-rich structure that wraps around axons of neurons. This process is done by _____ cells.

Answer 49

Myelin; glial cells

Question 50

_____ that is wrapped around the axons of neurons ensures that there are no ion channels in the region of it, preventing the ions to leak out at these regions. This allows for depolarisation to move from one region to another without being decayed over distance.

Answer 50

Myelin

Question 51

The __________ is the region where no myelin is present around the axons of neurons. They are therefore highly rich in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential.

Answer 51

Node of ranvier

Question 52

___________(process) increases the speed of action potentials. Action potentials can jump from one node of ranvier to the next and there is fast propagation; it does not have to be generated everywhere.

Answer 52

Myelination

Question 53

____________ is a condition due to the loss of myelination. This compromises on the action potential conduction, and can lead to symptoms like monocular blindness, motor weakness/paralysis, abnormal somatic sensations, double vision and dizziness.

Answer 53

Multiple schlerosis

Question 54

In the nervous system, a ________ is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

Answer 54

synapse

Question 55

Electrical synapses contain ___ junctions that have many ion channels made up of ________. This allows small molecules to diffuse from one cell to another, facilitating diffusion.

Answer 55

gap junctions with many ion channels made up of connexon

Question 56

A gap, known as the _________, exists between the membranes of the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron in chemical synapses. Chemical synapses make use of chemicals known as ________, which is released from the pre-synaptic neuron to bind to the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open.

Answer 56

synaptic cleft; neurotransmitters

Question 57

The neurotransmitter is synthesised at the _________ of the pre-synaptic cell and then stored in vesicles.

Answer 57

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

When an action potential propagates the pre-synaptic neuron, the depolarisation causes the voltage-gated ____ channels to open. This causes an (influx/efflux) of (ions), and this causes the neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. The transmitter is then released via _______.

Answer 58

When an action potential propagates the pre-synaptic neuron, the depolarisation causes the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open. This causes an INFLUX of Ca2+, and this causes the neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. The transmitter is then released via exocytosis.

Question 59

After the neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, the removal of it is done either by _______ or _________.

Answer 59

glial cells uptake or enzymatic degradation

Question 60

_______ is an example of a neurotransmitter that exhibits an excitatory effect. It binds to the receptor and opens ion channels to depolarise membrane potential.

Answer 60

Glutamate

Question 61

____ is an example of a neurotransmitter that exhibits an inhibitory effect. It binds to the receptor and opens ___ ion channels which hyperpolarises the membrane potential. (more negative)

Answer 61

GABA; Cl- (Cl- ions will flow into the cell down the concentration gradient, making the cell more negatively-charged.)

Question 62

The ____________ is a bony skeleton encasing the spinal cord and related structures. It functions to hold and protect the spinal cord and nerves, support body weight and allow for movement.

Answer 62

vertebral column

Question 63

The vertebral column extends from the _______ to the _______.

Answer 63

from the cranium (bone that encloses brain and meninges) to cocyx (tailbone)

Question 64

The vertebral column consists of 5 main regions each made up of component vertebra separated by an IV disc.

Answer 64

Cervical region (7 vertebrae), thoracic region (12 vertebrae), lumbar region (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5), coccyx (4)

Question 65

When stacked together, the ___________ forms a hollow space through which the spinal cord and the nerves can pass through.

Answer 65

vertebral foramen

Question 66

Primary curves are curves that we are born with and (convex/concave) posteriorly. These include the _______ and _______ curves.

Answer 66

Primary curves convex posteriorly. These include thoracic and sacral curves.

Question 67

Secondary curves are curves that develop in response to learnt motor skills. They (concave/convex) anteriorly. These include the ________ and ________ curves.

Answer 67

``` Convex anteriorly (concave posteriorly) Cervical and lumbar curves ```

Question 68

There are 7 cervical vertebrae, but __ cervical nerves. Therefore, nerve C1-C7 exit over corresponding vertebrae, whereas thereafter, the nerves exit below corresponding vertebra.

Answer 68

8

Question 69

The spinal cord is (longer/shorter) than the vertebral column. It terminates at the region between __ and __ and forms a structure known as the conus medullaris at the terminal. The collection of spinal nerves in the lumbar and sacral region after the conus medullaris is known as ________ (horse's tail).

Answer 69

shorter; terminates at the region between L1 and L2; cauda equina