TCW 2 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Globalization has its roots in international trade
Goes back deep into human history.
The trade involved was overland and small in scale slowly expanded territorially to involve larger and larger numbers of people
A
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
2
Q
from China to Middle East and Europe
A
Silk Road
￫ 130 BCE TO 1453
BCE
￫ International but not global – no ocean routes
3
Q
starting in the seventeenth century, international trade assumed a different scale with the expansion of Western European power, influence, and dominion into Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean
associated spread of the capitalist economic system was facilitated by faster and better ships and encouraged by the more powerful of the continent’s newly formed states, most prominently Britain and France
A
17th Century – EUROPEAN EXPANSIONISM
4
Q
17th Century – EUROPEAN EXPANSIONISM
A
Goals included conquest and empire, economic profit, opening up new trade routes, providing slaves for the labor-intensive plantations that were opening up in the sparsely populated New World, and converting “heathen” peoples to Christianity
unprecedented incorporation of the New World into an international economy dominated by Europe, and organized for its benefit
5
Q
17th Century – EUROPEAN EXPANSIONISM
A
An important mechanism of incorporation was colonialism
6
Q
was a successful enterprise because of Europe’s superior weapons technology, sea power, and commercial prowess and was attractive because it held out the promise of new lands, raw materials, cheap labor, and export markets for surplus goods produced in the factories of the colonial masters
A
colonialism
7
Q
the age of globalization began when all important populated continents began to exchange products continuously – both with each other directly and directly via other continents – and in values sufficient to generate crucial impacts on all trading partners
A
Flynn and Geraldez
8
Q
￫ 1571 – Galleon trade
A
(Manila and Acapulco) America was directly
connected to Asian trading routes
9
Q
Was part of the age of Mercantilism
A
advocated that a nation should
export more than it imported and accumulate bullion (especially gold) to make up the difference
10
Q
countries primarily Europe competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to boost their country’s income (called monetary reserves later)
A
16th to 18th c
11
Q
To defend their products from competitors, these regimes imposed
A
high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade with other nations, restricted trade routes and subsidized its exports
12
Q
global trade with multiple restrictions
A
Mercantilism
13
Q
The two fundamental legacies of this period of history were
A
(1) the spread of European power and influence over the rest of the globe and
(2) the rise to prominence of New World countries like Argentina, Australia, Canada, and the United States that were to be prime movers in a process of globalization
14
Q
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED
4 waves of Globalization
A
The steady spread of the free-trade ethos is one of them.
Constant improvements in production,
communications, and transportation technologies
massive, if uneven, growth in the flows of trade, capital, and people.
15
Q
Retained the earlier period’s basic dynamic of movement > more
integrated international economy founded on capitalist principles
Differed from it qualitatively in a number of very important respects.
integration picked up pace as many countries reduced their
protectionist tariffs, ships and railroads got faster and penetrated further, transportation costs fell sharply, and communication became more efficient with the invention of the telegraph and, later, telephone.
mechanization brought tremendous increases in agricultural and
industrial productivity international trade
A
FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1870 to 1914)
16
Q
Globalization retreated sharply under the combined impact of the two World Wars and the Great Depression.
Trade and migration plummeted, strict controls on the flow of capital were introduced, and countries erected high tariff barriers against foreign goods.
A
SECOND WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1914 to 1945)
17
Q
Picked up again as the growth of trade and investment flows resumed, transportation costs continued to fall, and barriers to the trade of manufactured goods were dismantled.
Was mostly limited to the countries that were members of the
GATT
Most developing countries maintained trade barriers and were consigned to the role of primary goods exporter and benefitted little from international capital flows
A
THIRD WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1945 to 1980)
18
Q
The integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems has progressed “farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper” than ever before (Friedman 1999).
rapid the escalation in international economic interactions
A
FOURTH WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1980 - )
19
Q
FOURTH WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1980 - )
(lowered the costs and increased the
speed of international communication and transportation)
A
technological advancement
20
Q
FOURTH WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1980 - )
developed countries, most notably Brazil, China, and India
A
increasing liberalization of trade and capital markets among less
21
Q
unprecedented degree to which the developing world has become integrated into the globalized international economy
A
FOURTH WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (1980 - )
World exports: 1970s - 19.7% per annum of the world’s GDP;
1980’s - 22.6%; 1990’s - 27.4%, between 2000 and 2006 38.3%;
2011 – 51%
Foreign direct investment in the developing world: 1970s - $5.9
billion per annum, 1980s - $42.2 billion, 1990s - $118.1 billion in the, between 2000 and 2009 - $356.1 billion (foreign direct
investment in the developing world increased more than sixtyfold between 1970 and 2009).
22
Q
Dimensions of Globalization
A
Economic
Political
Cultural
23
Q
a historical process, the
result of human innovation and technological progress
refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders
movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. (IMF, 2008)
A
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
24
Q
increasingly close international integration of markets for goods, services and factors of production, labor and capital
Profit motive and entrepreneurial initiative (capitalism becomes the driving force behind economic activity)
A
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
25
accelerating at a faster pace
governments of virtually all political stripes have accepted
free trade and enacted policies of deregulation and liberalization
transportation costs have fallen and communications
technology has made – and continues to make – rapid
advances that have spread throughout the world
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
26
Consolidation of global production and distribution in the hands of a few hundred multinational corporations that, in an age of cheap transportation and instant communication, locate themselves in a number of states and coordinate their operations across them.
Retreat from regulation by governments of both the left and the right as they have come equally to embrace free market economics.
DRIVERS ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
27
System of Exchange
Gold Standard Era
(1870-1914)
Bretton Woods Era
(1945-1971)
Post Bretton Woods
(1971-Present)
28
Between 1867 and 1933, most of the world's economies used the gold standard
Each country agreed to pay a specified amount of gold on demand to anyone who wanted to exchange its currency for gold
The Gold Standard: A Fixed Exchange Rate System
29
A system of fixed exchange rates in which the value of currencies was fixed relative to the value of gold
Gold was used as the primary reserve asset
Gold standard
30
Gold standard info
UK, US and other European countries
Was still a very restrictive system as it compelled countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves.
During World War I, when countries depleted their gold reserves to fund their armies, many were forced to abandon the gold standard.
Great Depression (worst and the longest recession experienced in the Western world)
Some economists argued that it was largely caused by the gold standard thus reducing demand and consumption
US and other industrialized countries abandoned the gold standard
The use of the gold standard lasted around the late 1970
31
Gold standard info 2
The world economy operates based on FIAT CURRENCIES
32
not backed up by precious metals and whose value is determined by their cost relative to other currencies
This system allows governments to freely and actively manage their economies by increasing or decreasing the amount of money in circulation as they see fit
FIAT CURRENCIES
33
After the two world wars,
world leaders sought to create a global economic system that would ensure a longer-lasting global peace.
34
to achieve this goal
to set up a network of global financial institutions that would promote economic interdependence and PROSPERITY
Was inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial
conference to prevent the catastrophes of the early decades from reoccurring and affecting international ties
35
The Bretton Woods system was largely influenced by the ideas of
British economist John Maynard Keynes
36
believed that economic crises occur not when a country does not have enough money, but when money is not being spent and, thereby, not moving
John Maynard Keynes
37
When economies slow down, governments have to
reinvigorate markets with infusions of capital
38
This active role of governments in managing spending served as the anchor for what would be called
a system of global Keynesianism
39
Delegates at Bretton woods agreed to create two financial institutions:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank)
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
40
responsible for funding postwar reconstruction projects.
critical institution at a time when many of the world's cities had been destroyed by
the war.
￫ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank)
41
which was to be the global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from
spiraling into credit crises. If economic growth in a country slowed down
because there was not enough money to stimulate the economy, the IMF would step in. To this day, both institutions remain keyplayers in economic globalization.
￫ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
42
Shortly after Bretton Woods, various countries also committed themselves to further global economic integration through the:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (1995)
43
main purpose was to reduce
| tariffs and other hindrances to free trade.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947
44
marked the biggest reform of international trade since the end of the Second World War. Whereas the GATT mainly dealt with trade in goods, the WTO and its agreements also cover trade in services and intellectual property. The birth of the WTO also created new procedures for the settlement of disputes.
World Trade Organization (1995)
45
1944
IMF
| World bank
46
1947
GATT
47
1995
WTO
48
high point of global Keynesianism came in the
mid- 1940s to the early 1990s
49
mid- 1940s to the early 1990s
During this period, governments poured money into their economies, allowing people to purchase more goods and, in the process, increase demand for these products.
As demand increased, so did the prices of these goods.
Western and some Asian economies like Japan accepted the rise in prices because it was accompanied by general economic growth and reduced unemployment.
The theory went that, as prices increased, companies would earn more, and would have more money to hire workers.
Keynesian economists believed that all this was a necessary trade-off for economic development.
50
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the
Organization
of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
imposed
an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations.
As a result, the prices of oil rose sharply imposition of an embargo in response to the decision of the United States and other countries to resupply the Israeli military with the needed arms during the Yom Kippur War.
Arab countries also' used the embargo to stabilize their economies and growth.
Affected the Western economies that were reliant on oil.
51
The stock markets crashed in _____ after the United States stopped linking the dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system
1973- 1974
52
a decline in economic growth and employment (stagnation) took place alongside a sharp increase in prices (inflation)
Stagflation
53
argued that the governments' practice of pouring money into their economies had caused inflation by increasing demand for goods without necessarily increasing supply
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman
54
distort the proper functioning of the market
Government intervention in economies
54
From the 1980s onward _____ became the codified strategy of the United States Treasury Department, the World Bank, the IMF, and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
neoliberalism
55
Policies came to be called the
Washington Consensus
56
set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Bank (IMF), the World Bank and the United States Department of the Treasury
Washington Consensus
57
term was first used in 1989 by English
| Washington Consensus
economist John
| Williamson
58
term was first used in 1989 by English
| Washington Consensus
economist John
| Williamson
59
(WASHINGTON CONSENSUS)
prescriptions encompassed policies in such areas as
macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment, and the expansion of market forces within the domestic economy
60
Washington Consensus 1990
| Dogma (3)
stabilize, privatize, and liberalize
61
Washington Consensus
```
Deregulation
Secure Property Rights
Reorientation of public expenditures
Privatization
Trade liberalization
Unified and competitive exchange rates
Financial liberalization
Tax reform
Openness to FDI
Fiscal discipline
```
62
keeping government budgets small enough that, after debt servicing, the operating deficit is no more than 2 percent of GDP;
fiscal discipline
63
redirecting expenditure from politically
sensitive areas and ‘white elephants’ towards neglected fields which are economically productive, strengthen the country’s infrastructure, or have the potential to improve income redistribution, such as primary health and education;
public expenditure priorities
64
reducing marginal tax rates to sharpen incentives for
| companies and individuals to earn more, and broadening the tax base to improve horizontal equity
tax reform
65
abolition of regulations which impede entry of new firms or restrict competition, while ensuring that all other regulations can be justified by criteria such as safety, environmental protection, or prudential supervision of financial institutions;
deregulation
66
removal of investment barriers impeding entry of foreign firms, with all receiving ‘national treatment’ (the same treatment as domestic firms);
foreign direct investment
67
a single exchange rate that is set at a level that encourages expansion of non-traditional exports and managed in a way that assures exporters of continued competitiveness;
exchange rates
68
progressively move towards market- determined interest rates within a less constrained financial market- place;
financial liberalization
69
rapid conversion of quantitative trade restrictions, such as import quotas, into tariffs and the progressive reduction of tariffs to between 10 and 20 percent;
trade liberalization
70
of state enterprises and assets;
privatization
71
ensuring security of property rights under
| law without excessive costs
property rights
72
used fairly widely in a second, broader sense, to refer to a more general orientation towards a strongly market-based approach (sometimes described as market fundamentalism or neoliberalism)
Washington Consensus
73
In the developing world, reduction of tariffs and opening up of their economies
quickest way to progress
73
In the developing world, reduction of tariffs and opening up of their economies
quickest way to progress
74
Certain industries would be affected and die, but they considered this _____
"shock therapy" necessary for long-term economic growth
75
justified their reduction in government spending by comparing national economies to households
US President Ronald Reagan and British prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
76
greatest recent repudiation of this thinking was the recent global financial crisis of
2008-2009 when the world experienced the greatest economic depression downturn since the Great Depression
77
big short
The crisis can be traced back to the 1980s when the United States systematically removed various banking and investment restrictions.
Government authorities failed to regulate bad investments
occurring in the US housing market.
Taking advantage of 'cheap housing loans," Americans began building houses that were beyond their financial capacities'
78
big short 2
Banks became less discriminating
They began extending loans to families and individuals with dubious
credit records who were unlikely to pay their loans back.
Financial experts - wrongly assumed that even if many of the borrowers were individuals and families who would struggle to pay, a majority would not default' Moreover, banks thought that since there were so many mortgages in just one MBS' a few failures would not ruin the entirety of the investment.
Banks also assumed that housing prices would continue to increase.
In 2007, home prices stopped increasing as supply caught up with
demand.
This dangerous cycle reached a tipping point in September 2008, when major investment banks like Lehman Brothers collapsed, thereby depleting major investments.
79
crisis spread beyond the United States since many investors were
foreign governments, corporations, and individuals
80
big short 3
The loss of their money spread like wildfire back to their countries.
These series of interconnections allowed for a global multiplier effect that sent ripples across the world.
Until now countries like Spain and Greece are heavily indebted (almost like Third World countries), and debt relief has come at a high price. Greece, in particular, has been forced by Germany and the IMF to cut back on its social and public spending. Affecting services like pensions, health care, and various forms of social security, these cuts have been felt most acutely by the poor.
Moreover, the reduction in government spending has slowed down growth and ensured high levels of unemployment.
81
use gov't spending on the public sector and infrastructure to boost the economy and provide jobs
Keynesian Economics
82
reduce government spending and public sector of the economy; increase the role of the private sector and market forces
neo-liberalism
83
extra info
International trade remains essential for countries to develop in the contemporary world.
Exports, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies grow at present. In the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were the advanced nations that were producing and selling industrial and agricultural goods.
The United Slates, Japan, and the member-countries of the European Union were responsible for 65 percent of global exports, while the developing countries only accounted for 29 percent. When more countries opened up their economies to take advantage of increased free trade, the shares of the percentage began to change.
By 2011, developing countries like the Philippines, India, China, Argentina, and Brazil accounted for 51 percent of global exports while the share of advanced nations including the United States-had gone down to 45 percent.
The WTO-led reduction of trade barriers, known as trade liberalization, altered the dynamics of the global economy.
84
extra extra info
In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increased exports, economic globalization has ushered in an unprecedented spike in global growth rates.
According to the IMF, the global per capita GDP rose over five-fold in the second half of the 20th century. It was this growth that created the large Asian economies like Japan, China, Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
But, economic globalization remains an uneven process with some
countries, corporations, and individuals benefitting a lot more than others.
The reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers, but these processes have often been unfair.
85
extra extra extra info
First, developed countries are often protectionists, as they repeatedly refuse to lift policies that safeguard their primary products that could otherwise be overwhelmed by imports from the developing world.
Case of Japan’s refusal to allow rice imports into the country to protect its farming sector and the US protection of its sugar industry
Poorer countries can do very little to make economic globalization more just. Trade imbalances, therefore, characterize economic relations between developed and developing countries.
86
extra 4x info
The beneficiaries of global commerce have been mainly transnational corporations (TNCs) and not governments.
TNCs are concerned more with profits than with assisting the social programs of the governments hosting them.
Host countries in turn, loosen tax laws, which prevent, wages from rising, while sacrificing social and environmental programs that protect the underprivileged members of their societies.
Luring foreign investors seeking high profit margins at the lowest cost possible.
Governments weaken environmental laws to attract investors, creating fatal consequences on their ecological balance and depleting the finite resources (like oil, coal, and minerals).
87
refers to countries' Iowering their labor standards including the protection of workers 'interests
race to the bottom
88
a central tenet of globalization
International economic integration
89
economics is just one window into the phenomenon of globalization
not the entire thing
90
extra 5x info
Nevertheless, much of globalization is anchored on changes In the economy. Global culture, for example, is facilitated by trade. Filipinos would not be as aware of American culture if not for the trade that allows locals to watch American movies, listen to American music, and consume American products.
The globalization of politics is likewise largely contingent on trade relations. These days, many events of foreign affairs are conducted to cement trading relations between and among states.
91
an increasing trend toward multilateralism (in which the United Nations plays a key role), toward an emerging ‘transnational state apparatus,’ and toward the emergence of national and international nongovernmental organizations that act as watchdogs over governments” with ever-increasing intensity and influence
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
92
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
A commonly used measure of political globalization; fall into two types
growth in the number of multilateral organizations in the international system
93
are organizations whose membership is made up of states pursuing common objectives (UN, EU)
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
94
are different in that they are non-state actors, although they sometimes cooperate with governments to achieve shared goals
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
95
From the Latin word, Status
A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control
An administrative entity that endures over time, develops laws, creates public policies for its citizens and implements these policies and laws
Must have a legitimate and recognized claim to a defined territory
Must also have institutions needed to administer the laws
STATE
96
Developed in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
Prior to it, the European medieval organization of political authority was
based on the hierarchical religious order.
The legal concept of sovereignty was introduced
… rulers or the legal sovereign had no internal equal within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory’s sovereign borders
Westphalia gave rise to independent nation state, the institutionalization of
diplomacies and armies
MODERN STATE SYSTEM
97
ELEMENTS OF A STATE
people
territory
government
sovereignty
98
This refers to the large numbers of inhabitants living within the state.
It must be small enough to be ruled
And it must be big enough to be self-sufficient
people
99
This includes the land over which the state exercises control
With a clearly define borders to which it lays claims
territory
100
This refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried
out.
This could be referred as the “administration”
government
101
The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience from its people as well as to
have freedom from foreign control
* It could be manifested internally through its freedom to rule within its territory
* Externally through its freedom to carry out its activities without control by other states.
sovereignty
102
```
Political concept
Not subject to external
control
May consist of one or
more nation or peoples
```
STATE
103
Ethnic concept
May or may not be independent from external control
A single nation may be made up of several states
Some nations exists across a number of state borders or may take up only part of a state
NATION
104
Usually regarded as identical
The acts of the government are the acts of the state.
The government is only THE AGENCY through which the state expresses its will.
A state cannot exist without the government, but it is
possible to have a government without the state.
Government may change but the state remains the same.
STATE & GOVERNMENT
105
PURPOSE AND NECESSITY OF THE GOVERNMENT
Advancement of the public welfare.
Consequence of absence
106
Police Power
Eminent Domain
Taxation
INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
107
The rise of CIVILIZATIONS have fueled different levels of
| internationalization
States and Globalization
108
create empires which define global/international affairs
CIVILIZATIONS
109
civilization create empires which define global/international affairs
GREEK, MACEDONIAN, ROMAN, etc -ushered growth either by trade or conquest
This is an initial start of the GLOBALIZATION story based on GLOBALISM
110
defining core of GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALISM
111
GLOBALISM is the defining core of GLOBALIZATION
Joseph Nye describes it as “networks of connections that span multi
continental distances”
112
initial phase of interconnection but the density of connection is still limited
Thin Globalism
113
ex-Silk road connected the East and West but this is limited to the trade of certain goods like silk and spices
Impact is felt by small groups (Nye,2002)
Not large amount of interaction
Thin vs Thick Globalism
114
Density of the networks of connection is
| immense
Thick Globalism
115
Increase reliance among nations, communities, and economies
Characterizes the level of interconnection in the 21st century
Greater socio-economic impact-cultural transfers and supply chain reliance
Thick Globalism
116
History has always vested the powerful with the advantage in international affairs
Richer and most armed nations tend to define the global order
Globalization is defined by POWER
117
Most of the powerful nations tend to have a level of control in the
different types of GLOBALISM
ECONOMIC
POLITICAL
MILITARY
CULTURAL
118
Joseph Nye's Types of POWER
HARD
SOFT
SMART
119
Military and Economic
American Carrier Fleet in the Pacific
China's use of its economic strength
HARD
120
Cultural
Promotion of American Music and Food to third world nations
KPop adored by non Korean fans
SOFT
121
Super Power Nation (America is using this with a
combination of US Arms and Money bundled with Hollywood films)
Combination of Hard and Soft
SMART
122
Direct type of power
| Carrots and Sticks approach
HARD
123
Brute force (sticks)
MILITARY
124
Sanctions and rewards (carrots)
ECONOMIC
125
Cultural and function as an mean of attraction Hollywood effect -attract thru cultural attractiveness
FILMS, MUSIC, LANGUAGE, etc
AMERICAN FILMS, JAPANESE ANIME, and KPOP
SOFT
126
```
Combination of the two types of power
SUPERPOWER nation(s) have this type of power
```
SMART
127
POWER DYNAMICS
based on the WESTPHALIAN MODEL which recognizes the sovereignty and existence of NATION-STATES
The MODEL also ushered the formation of a more defined international relations (IR) system
MODERN STATE
128
POWER DYNAMICS
| But the defined IR system is still dependent on the POWER of STATES
USA the lone SUPERPOWER still has a huge say in many aspects of Global TRADE and POLITICS
China is an emerging power and is starting to create a niche in Global Politics and Economics
129
Nations with economic and political means to
| dominate certain aspect of global trade and politics
Middle Powers
130
21st Century Globalization and Nation States
Since the end of the COLD WAR globalization has become Thicker
Trade became 'freer'- Removal of tarrifs (taxes on imported traded goods)
Borders have become thinner- increase of travel among peoples
Development of complex supply chain
NINTENDO switch's components are manufacutred by countries
like Malaysia, the Philippines, China and Japan.
Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed franchise is developed by different
sub-studios based in Hungary, the Philippines, China and others
131
Thicker Globalism's challenge to NATION STATES
The higher level of trade and interdependence among nations
have created an increasingly MULTIPOLAR world
The WEST is not the overall masters of the WORLD anymore
According to Joseph Quinlan the East is now becoming more prominent since 2008 (post US and Euro crisis)
The traditional borders of power, culture, and economy is now becoming less OCCIDENTAL
Western NATION STATE model is now being CHALLENGED by
the new norm of GLOBALIZATION
132
GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE (HISLOPE, 2021)
In its totality, then, globalization combines accumulating interdependence across a number of dimensions, all of which share the characteristic of meaning a lesser role for the state in shaping its own economic, social, political, and cultural destiny.
Their sovereignty has been, and is being, compromised in that what goes on within their borders is increasingly influenced by actions and decisions taken by actors outside those borders.
133
Characteristics of CULTURE
it is LEARNED
based on SYMBOLS
SHARED
can be PATTERNED/INTEGRATED
ADAPTIVE
134
distinctive for not being a
state-sponsored project
Economic and political globalization is in large part the product of agreements into which states have voluntarily entered
more accurately seen as a
by-product of those agreements.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
135
It involves the growing and accelerating exchange of ideas, products, sports, values, technology, business practices, foods, music, dance, and fashion across more or less distant national boundaries.
The outcome has been a growing standardization of
cultural expression around the world.
Other prominent examples of contemporary cultural globalization might include sushi, Hollywood, Kpop, Bollywood movies, Harry Potter, soccer, and the growing use of the English language for academic and business purposes in particular.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
136
cultural homogenization trend is the global diffusion of American fast food, sometimes referred to as the aforementioned
“McDonaldization” of the world (Ritzer 2007)
137
Globalization is not just economic and political, it is also cultural
Increasing connections among nations lead to greater cultural interaction
East meets West; South meets North
Cultural exchanges become part of global
interaction
Culture in a Global Setting
138
Globalization of culture was envisioned to make the world closer and more understanding
Creating a global identity-divisions among race, class, gender, and status are removed
Cultural understanding is promoted
East can enjoy Western taste and the West enjoying Eastern fashion or vice versa
Global Culture
139
“the ability to affect others to obtain preferred outcomes by the co-optive means of framing the agenda, persuasion and positive attraction”.
“hard power is push; soft
power is pull”.
Joseph Nye's SOFT POWER
140
Globalization did not create a full harmonization of
cultural identities
This is due to the CULTURAL DIVISIONS that has emerged
Dominant Cultures often undermine and dominate Weaker Cultures
Classic West over East or Japanese over Filipino Culture
Cultures that are more global tend to be part of the SOFT
POWER of Powerful Countries
Challenges of Globalization to Culture
141
Globalized Culture often favors the cultures of powerful countries
Countries with better economic might tend to
have the power to promote their cultures to other nations with weaker economies
Undermines the growth and survival of local
culture
￫ Promotion of English over native languages in the
Philippines based on cultural attraction to Western
Ideals
Global Culture vs Local Culture
142
Dominant cultures clash with middle power cultures
Liberal-Western-Juedeo-Christian vs Islamic
traditions
Criticisms on Dog Meat consumption by Asian Countries
Child Marriages
Acceptance of Homosexuality
Culture Clash
143
Pushing for GLOBAL and LOCAL
Global and Local Convergence
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term coined by the sociologist Roland Robertson in the late 1990s and it refers to product or service in a global market
that is customized for the local people in the country in which it is sold.
GLOCALIZATION
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McDonalds, KFC, Popeyes serving rice meals to Filipinos
| Jollibee serving market specific menu to other countries
Adoption of Global and Local Expectations
