TCW 1 Flashcards by Stef Manganti

FRAMING GLOBALIZATION

Beyond a problem-solving approach, especially a perspective of “promoting international competitiveness” (e.g. economic and technological)
Beyond a buzzword: a process and discourse
Critical view: globalization as contested; understood and constituted in different ways
Frames of meaning used to describe the world are part of a political
process
Words and meanings matter: some views become legitimate and define what the world is…

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Globalization: Levels of Debate

the starting premises

Competing definitions
Varying measurements
Contrasting chronologies
Diverse explanations

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Globalization: Levels of Debate

implications for social change

Geography 
 Identity
Production
Governance 
 Knowledge

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Globalization: Levels of Debate

the impacts on the human condition

Security
Equality
Democracy

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Globalization: Levels of Debate

the responses

Neoliberalism (markets)
Rejectionism (localism/populism)
Reformism (public policies)
Transformism (social revolution)

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Contending Perspectives

Liberal or hyperglobal
Conservative or skeptical
Critical or transformational

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Liberal or Hyper-global perspective

“end of geography”; ‘end of the nation-state’ ; borderless world of flows
Privileges an economic and technological logic
Globalization as mutually beneficial, progressive and benign
New, inevitable, levels off
A new modernization theory?
The end of the Cold War and the ‘end of history’: ‘there is no alternative’ (TINA)
There is however a “pessimistic globalist” perspective that emphasize both homogenization and its negative consequences

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Conservative/Skeptical Perspective

Underplays globalization: internationalization or regionalization

Certain types of Marxism/structuralism adopt a strongly state-centric perspective

Rise of anti-global authoritarian populism/ nativism

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Critical/Transformation Perspective

Recognizes dissolution of old structures and boundaries (states, economies, communities)

“the state as a space of flows”: power and politics are reconfigured; they flow through, across and around territorial boundaries

Speed and magnitude of changes

Mobility, hybridity, complexity

Global-local nexus

Emphasis on unevenness and new hierarchies: inclusion and exclusion; globalization of superficiality; globalization of indifference

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GLOBALIZATION

Although the term “globalization” has only entered the English language in recent decades, the integration and mutual dependency of peoples that constitute its essence are

(1) as old as human civilization and
(2) the product of interactions that include commerce, warfare and invasion, intermarriage, and migration from place of birth.

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Giddens

intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Robertson

as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Mansbach 2000

“proliferation of worldwide economic, social, and cultural networks, and people’s dependence on these global networks for prosperity and security”

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Scholte 2005

Life experiences and social relations become “deterritorialized”

This process has been neither smooth nor linear, however.

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Bordo et al. 2003; Chanda 2007

been shaped at different times by different combinations of economic expansionism, technological advance, and political ambition

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Sunny Levin Institute

process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technologies

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Hislope, 2012

incursion of the global on the local

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GLOBALIZATION: SOME DEFINITIONS

Steger

expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across the world time and across world space

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the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural and geographic boundaries

Expansion

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expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks

Intensification

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Relates to the way people perceive time and space

both objective and subjective

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Must be differentiated with an ideology called GLOBALISM

belief

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A social condition characterized by tight economic, political, cultural and environmental interconnections and flows, making currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant

Globality

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A set of social processes that appear to transform our present social condition of weakening nationality into one of globality; human lives played out in the world as a single place; redefining landscape of sociopolitical processes and social sciences that study these mechanisms

Globalization

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A concept referring to people’s growing consciousness of belonging to a global community Destabilizes and unsettles the conventional parameters of understanding within which people imagine their communal existence

Global imaginary

GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS

Multidimensional set of social processes that generate and increase “worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant” Start of globalization? – depends

GLOBALIZATION AS A CONDITION

Globality Scholte’s transplanetary connectivity (establishment of social links between people located at different places of the planet – not geographic unit but as a space) and supra-territoriality (social connections that transcend territorial geography – renders borders and barriers irrelevant)

GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY

Exist in the people’s consciousness – ideas and beliefs about the global order 6 Core Claims

6 Core Claims

Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. Nobody is in charge of globalization. Globalization benefits everyone in the long run Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world. Globalization requires a global war on terror

THEORETICAL PARADIGMS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBALIZATION

``` World Systems Theory Global Capitalism Paradigm The Network Society Space, Time and Globalization Transnationality and Transnationalism Global Culture Paradigm ```

WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGM

Immanuel Wallerstein View globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of capitalism, c. 1500. Globalization is not at all new process but something that is just continuing and evolving.

Capitalist world system is divided into three categories:

Core Periphery Semi – periphery

powerful and developed centers (Western Europe, North America and Japan)

Core

those regions that have been forcibly subordinated to the core through COLONIZATION (Latin America, Africa, Asia, Middle East and Eastern Europe)

Periphery

states and regions that were in the core and are moving down or those in the periphery and are moving up

Semi – periphery

Globalization is a novel stage in the evolving system of world capitalism. Qualitatively new features that distinguish it from earlier epochs New global production and financial system Rise of processes that cannot be framed within the nation-state/interstate system

GLOBAL CAPITALISM

“theory of the global system” at the core of which are transnational practices (TNPs)

Sklair

new class that brings together several social groups – executives of transnational corporations; globalizing bureaucrats, politicians, professionals and consumerist elites in the media and the commercial sector

TCC (transnational capitalist class)

``` theory of global capitalism involving three planks: transnational production, transnational capitalists and transnational state: class relations ```

Robinson

Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society Technology and technological change instead of capitalism

THE NETWORK SOCIETY

globalization is a network of production, culture, and power that is constantly shaped by advances in technology, which range from communications technologies to genetic engineering; suggests that the rules of global capitalism have changed to embrace these new information technologies

Castells argues

THE NETWORK SOCIETY | New economy:

Informational, knowledge based Global production is organized on a global scale Networked, productivity is generated through global network

THE NETWORK SOCIETY

“the networked enterprise makes material the culture of the informational, global economy: it transforms signals into commodities by processing knowledge”

SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION – The intensification of worldwide relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa

Giddens “time-space distanciation”

SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION | produced by the very dynamics of capitalist development

time-space compression David Harvey

SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION proposes a new spatial order is emerging such as London, New York and Tokyo – sites of specialized services for transnationally mobile capital that is so central to the global economy

Sassen’s “The Global City”

SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION ideas about home, locality and community have been extensively spread around the world

Robert Robertson “Glocalization”

compression of geographic space by means of faster transport and communication

time-space compression

an umbrella concept encompassing a wide variety of transformative processes, practices and developments that take place simultaneously at a local and global level

Transnationalism

broadly as the multiple ties and interactions – economic, political, social and cultural – that link people, communities and institutions across the borders of nation- states.

Transnational processes and practices

more intense due to speed and relatively inexpensive character of travel and communications and their impacts

Transnational links

more intense due to speed and relatively inexpensive character of travel and communications and their impacts

Transnational links

Emphasize the rapid growth of mass media and resultant global cultural flows and images in recent decades (global village – Marshall McLuhan)

GLOBAL CULTURE

GLOBAL CULTURE | Focus

globalization and religion, nations and ethnicity, global consumerism, global communications and the globalization of tourism

GLOBAL CULTURE | Ritzer’s Mcdonaldization of society (homogenization, Weber’s process of rationalization)

Efficient, predictable and standardized lines → alienation, waste, low nutritional value and the risk of health problems

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION (SCHOLTE)

GLOBALIZATION AS INTERNATIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION

GLOBALIZATION AS INTERNATIONALIZATION

Globalization refers to global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration. Includes a gamut of human activities that do not require reference to a state’s national border. One

GLOBALIZATION AS INTERNATIONALIZATION

Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, etc. Inter-national, of course, means between or among nations. Includes activities by entities such as corporations, states, international organizations, and even individuals with reference to national borders and national governments Many

GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION

Problem with this misconception: Confines the study within the debate concerning the neoliberal macroeconomic policies: pro and anti Political implication – neo-liberalism is the only available policy framework for a truly global world. Debate about the pros and cons of laissez faire has been happening for centuries

GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION removal of barriers and restrictions imposed by national governments so as to create an open and borderless world economy

Liberalization

GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION realized when national governments “reduce or abolish regulatory measures like trade barriers, foreign – exchange restrictions, capital controls and visa requirements” (Scholte)

Globalization

GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION & WESTERNIZATION denotes a process of spreading various objects, practices and experiences to the different parts of the planet

Universalization

GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION & WESTERNIZATION when things, values and practices spread to the different parts of the planet

Globalization

GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION & WESTERNIZATION When Western modernity spreads and destroys

Westernization

GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION & WESTERNIZATION Issues arising from this misconception:

Universalization is not a new feature of world history. Westernization is not the only path that can be taken by globalization

Scholars found it simpler to avoid talking about globalization as a whole Instead “multiple globalizations” instead of one process

MULTIPLE GLOBALIZATION

Different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration – “SCAPES”

Arjun Appadurai

global movement of people

ethnoscapes

flow of culture

mediascapes

flow of culture

mediascapes

circulation of mechanical goods and software

technoscapes

global circulation of money

financescapes

realm where political ideas move around

ideoscapes

distinct windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization

Claudio

TCW 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)