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Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

3 main sections of the earth

A

crust
mantle
core

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the crust

A

10-70km thick
less than 1% of earth’s volume
made from rocks like granite and basalt
range up to 800 degrees celsius

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3
Q

Name 2 types of plates

A

Continental and Oceanic

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4
Q

Give the characteristics of the mantle

A

thickness of 2900km
800 to 3000 degrees celsius

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5
Q

Give the characteristics of the core

A

inner and outer core
contain iron and nickel mainly
range from 3000 to 5000 degrees celsius

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6
Q

2 causes that make tectonic plates move

A

convection currents
slab pull force

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7
Q

Plates that move away are…

A

divergent plates

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8
Q

Plates that move towards each other are…

A

convergent plates

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9
Q

What is a plate boundary?

A

Point where two or more plates meet

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10
Q

Divergent plate boundary typically form…

A

Rift alleys & block mountains
Ridges
Volcanoes

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11
Q

Convergent plates often form…

A

trenches
fold mountains
volcanoes

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12
Q

Transform plates often form…

A

earthquakes.

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13
Q

Define what a volcano is

A

landform formed by magma ejected from the mantle onto earth’s surface

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14
Q

How do earthquakes occur?

A

2 plates slide past each other horizontally, build up tension & pressure which results in violent earthquakes when released

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15
Q

Examples of continental continental plate divergence.

A

Between African plate Nubian and Arabian plate

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16
Q

Describe continental continental plate divergence

A

two plates forced apart from each other due to rising and diverging mantle convection currents
plates stretch and cause fractures

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17
Q

Landforms of continental continental plate divergence

A

rift valley
earthquake
block mountains

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18
Q

When plates diverge and fracture the crust it is also known as…

A

Faulting

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19
Q

Landforms of oceanic oceanic plate divergence

A

mid oceanic ridge
volcanoes

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20
Q

When lava cools and solidifies after flowing out onto the sea floor it is known as…

A

Sea floor spreading

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21
Q

What is rift valley?

A

Rift valley: valley with steep sides

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22
Q

What is mid oceanic ridge?

A

Central ridge structure that divides ocean base in half

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23
Q

What is block mountain?

A

Block mountain: block of land with steep slopes left standing higher than surrounding land

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24
Q

Landforms of oceanic oceanic plate convergence

A

Island volcano
trench

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25
Describe oceanic oceanic convergence
2 plates converge, denser one subduct under less dense. area where denser plate subducts underneath is subduction zone.
26
What is subduction zone?
region where 1 plate is forced down into mantle beneath 2nd plate
27
Describe oceanic continental plate convergence
denser oceanic plate subducts under less dense continental plate, subduction zone occurs and continental plate lifted up
28
Why can't 2 continental plates subduct?
both are too thick and buoyant, causing collision, this cause them to break and slide along fractures in crust instead
29
What is folding?
when pressure from resultant compressional force causes the layers of rock to buckle and fold upwards/sideways to create fold mountains
30
Upfold and downfold of a fold mountain is known as...
Anticline and syncline respectively
31
Characteristic of low silica lava | viscosity & gases and explosiveness
Low viscosity, flow more easily. Gases can escape easily thus eruptions are less explosive
32
Characteristic of High silica lava | Viscosity & gases
Higher viscosity, trap gases more easily, cause pressure to build up and has a larger outward explosion
33
How is a stratovolcano formed?
formed by successive eruptions of high-silica lava & pyroclasts
34
Where are shield volcanoes mostly located?
divergent plate boundaries
35
Where are shield volcanoes mostly located?
divergent plate boundaries
36
Shape of stratovolcano
High, slight concave shape, steeper at top & gentler at base
36
Shape of stratovolcano
High, slight concave shape, steeper at top & gentler at base
37
Shape of shield volcano
Gently sloping sides broad summit
37
Shape of shield volcano
Gently sloping sides broad summit
38
What kind of destruction can volcanic materials cause?
When eruption occurs, lava & pyroclasts released contains ash rock and volcanic bombs lava contain high temp 500-1400 pyroclastic flow can go faster than 80km/h
38
What kind of destruction can volcanic materials cause?
When eruption occurs, lava & pyroclasts released contains ash rock and volcanic bombs lava contain high temp 500-1400 pyroclastic flow can go faster than 80km/h
39
How can pollution affect people living near volcanoes?
ash can block sunlight, suffocate crops & trigger sever respiratory problems
40
4 benefits of living near volcanic areas
1. Fertile soil 2. Precious stones and minerals 3. Tourism 4. Geothermal energy
41
How is fertile soil formed from eruptions?
Lava & ash break down from eruptions to form fetile volcanic soils that are rich in minerals.
42
How are precious stones and minerals created from volcanic eruptions?
The magma that rises from earth contains a range of precious stones & minerals that can be extracted after upper layers of volcanic rocks have been eroded
43
Why do volcanic areas help tourism?
Volcanic areas attract millions of tourists due to many activities, and their rich history | E.G. POMPEII, 3000000 tourists visit a year
43
Why do volcanic areas help tourism?
Volcanic areas attract millions of tourists due to many activities, and their rich history | E.G. POMPEII, 3000000 tourists visit a year
44
How is geothermal energy created from eruptions?
Groundwater is heated up by hot rocks beneath surface as steam, drives turbines to produce electricity | E.G. almost 2/3 of iceland electricity supply is from geothermal energy
45
What is epicentre?
Point on earth's surface directly above focus
46
6 **factors** that affect *impact * of earthquake
1. Magnitude of earthquake 2. Population density 3. Level of preparedness 4. Distance from epicentre 5. Time of occurence 6. Type of soil
47
What is *liquefaction* ?
When ground becomes unstable & saturated soil flows like liquid
48
Hazards associated with earthquake zones
1. tsunamis 2. disruption of services 3. destruction of property & infrastructure 4. Landslides 5. Loss of lives
49
State preparedness measures to tackle earthquakes | theres 4
1. Land use regulations 2. Infrastructure 3. Emergency drills 4. Earthquake monitoring system
50
Strength & weakness of *Land use regulation*
Strength: enforced along coasts to ensure protective barriers to protect buildings from tsunamis Weakness: not easy to implement in existing built-up areas/ privately owned land, thus costly
51
Strength & weakness of Infrastructure
Strength: withstand vibration by earthquakes without shaking easily Weakness: Costly [very]
52
Strength & weakness of Emergency drills
Strength: raise people awareness and reduce panic and irrational behaviour when earthquakes occur Weakness: not effective when insufficient time for evacuation
53
Strength & weakness of Earthquake monitoring system
Strength: can estimate magnitude and frequency at fault lines Weakness: costly, inaccurate, interfered easily, only provides general indication
54
2 short term responses
Search & rescue Emergency, food & medical supplies
55
Elaborate on strengths & weaknesses of search & rescue
locate & free trapped people s: can save survivors who were trapped without food w: rescue workers only have 72 hours
56
Elaborate on strengths & weaknesses of emergency, food & medical supplies
provide immediate medical help s: civilians carry on lives easily after disaster w: insufficient supplies lead to social unrest

Pure Geography (7 decks)

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