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Pure Geography > Tectonic Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

3 main sections of the earth

A

crust
mantle
core

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the crust

A

10-70km thick
less than 1% of earth’s volume
made from rocks like granite and basalt
range up to 800 degrees celsius

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3
Q

Name 2 types of plates

A

Continental and Oceanic

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4
Q

Give the characteristics of the mantle

A

thickness of 2900km
800 to 3000 degrees celsius

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5
Q

Give the characteristics of the core

A

inner and outer core
contain iron and nickel mainly
range from 3000 to 5000 degrees celsius

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6
Q

2 causes that make tectonic plates move

A

convection currents
slab pull force

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7
Q

Plates that move away are…

A

divergent plates

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8
Q

Plates that move towards each other are…

A

convergent plates

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9
Q

What is a plate boundary?

A

Point where two or more plates meet

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10
Q

Divergent plate boundary typically form…

A

Rift alleys & block mountains
Ridges
Volcanoes

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11
Q

Convergent plates often form…

A

trenches
fold mountains
volcanoes

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12
Q

Transform plates often form…

A

earthquakes.

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13
Q

Define what a volcano is

A

landform formed by magma ejected from the mantle onto earth’s surface

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14
Q

How do earthquakes occur?

A

2 plates slide past each other horizontally, build up tension & pressure which results in violent earthquakes when released

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15
Q

Examples of continental continental plate divergence.

A

Between African plate Nubian and Arabian plate

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16
Q

Describe continental continental plate divergence

A

two plates forced apart from each other due to rising and diverging mantle convection currents
plates stretch and cause fractures

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17
Q

Landforms of continental continental plate divergence

A

rift valley
earthquake
block mountains

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18
Q

When plates diverge and fracture the crust it is also known as…

A

Faulting

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19
Q

Landforms of oceanic oceanic plate divergence

A

mid oceanic ridge
volcanoes

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20
Q

When lava cools and solidifies after flowing out onto the sea floor it is known as…

A

Sea floor spreading

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21
Q

What is rift valley?

A

Rift valley: valley with steep sides

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22
Q

What is mid oceanic ridge?

A

Central ridge structure that divides ocean base in half

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23
Q

What is block mountain?

A

Block mountain: block of land with steep slopes left standing higher than surrounding land

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24
Q

Landforms of oceanic oceanic plate convergence

A

Island volcano
trench

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25
Q

Describe oceanic oceanic convergence

A

2 plates converge, denser one subduct under less dense. area where denser plate subducts underneath is subduction zone.

26
Q

What is subduction zone?

A

region where 1 plate is forced down into mantle beneath 2nd plate

27
Q

Describe oceanic continental plate convergence

A

denser oceanic plate subducts under less dense continental plate, subduction zone occurs and continental plate lifted up

28
Q

Why can’t 2 continental plates subduct?

A

both are too thick and buoyant, causing collision, this cause them to break and slide along fractures in crust instead

29
Q

What is folding?

A

when pressure from resultant compressional force causes the layers of rock to buckle and fold upwards/sideways to create fold mountains

30
Q

Upfold and downfold of a fold mountain is known as…

A

Anticline and syncline respectively

31
Q

Characteristic of low silica lava

viscosity & gases and explosiveness

A

Low viscosity, flow more easily.
Gases can escape easily thus eruptions are less explosive

32
Q

Characteristic of High silica lava

Viscosity & gases

A

Higher viscosity, trap gases more easily, cause pressure to build up and has a larger outward explosion

33
Q

How is a stratovolcano formed?

A

formed by successive eruptions of high-silica lava & pyroclasts

34
Q

Where are shield volcanoes mostly located?

A

divergent plate boundaries

35
Q

Where are shield volcanoes mostly located?

A

divergent plate boundaries

36
Q

Shape of stratovolcano

A

High, slight concave shape, steeper at top & gentler at base

36
Q

Shape of stratovolcano

A

High, slight concave shape, steeper at top & gentler at base

37
Q

Shape of shield volcano

A

Gently sloping sides
broad summit

37
Q

Shape of shield volcano

A

Gently sloping sides
broad summit

38
Q

What kind of destruction can volcanic materials cause?

A

When eruption occurs, lava & pyroclasts released contains ash rock and volcanic bombs
lava contain high temp 500-1400
pyroclastic flow can go faster than 80km/h

38
Q

What kind of destruction can volcanic materials cause?

A

When eruption occurs, lava & pyroclasts released contains ash rock and volcanic bombs
lava contain high temp 500-1400
pyroclastic flow can go faster than 80km/h

39
Q

How can pollution affect people living near volcanoes?

A

ash can block sunlight, suffocate crops & trigger sever respiratory problems

40
Q

4 benefits of living near volcanic areas

A
  1. Fertile soil
  2. Precious stones and minerals
  3. Tourism
  4. Geothermal energy
41
Q

How is fertile soil formed from eruptions?

A

Lava & ash break down from eruptions to form fetile volcanic soils that are rich in minerals.

42
Q

How are precious stones and minerals created from volcanic eruptions?

A

The magma that rises from earth contains a range of precious stones & minerals that can be extracted after upper layers of volcanic rocks have been eroded

43
Q

Why do volcanic areas help tourism?

A

Volcanic areas attract millions of tourists due to many activities, and their rich history

E.G. POMPEII, 3000000 tourists visit a year

43
Q

Why do volcanic areas help tourism?

A

Volcanic areas attract millions of tourists due to many activities, and their rich history

E.G. POMPEII, 3000000 tourists visit a year

44
Q

How is geothermal energy created from eruptions?

A

Groundwater is heated up by hot rocks beneath surface as steam, drives turbines to produce electricity

E.G. almost 2/3 of iceland electricity supply is from geothermal energy

45
Q

What is epicentre?

A

Point on earth’s surface directly above focus

46
Q

6 factors that affect *impact * of earthquake

A
  1. Magnitude of earthquake
  2. Population density
  3. Level of preparedness
  4. Distance from epicentre
  5. Time of occurence
  6. Type of soil
47
Q

What is liquefaction ?

A

When ground becomes unstable & saturated soil flows like liquid

48
Q

Hazards associated with earthquake zones

A
  1. tsunamis
  2. disruption of services
  3. destruction of property & infrastructure
  4. Landslides
  5. Loss of lives
49
Q

State preparedness measures to tackle earthquakes

theres 4

A
  1. Land use regulations
  2. Infrastructure
  3. Emergency drills
  4. Earthquake monitoring system
50
Q

Strength & weakness of Land use regulation

A

Strength: enforced along coasts to ensure protective barriers to protect buildings from tsunamis
Weakness: not easy to implement in existing built-up areas/ privately owned land, thus costly

51
Q

Strength & weakness of Infrastructure

A

Strength: withstand vibration by earthquakes without shaking easily
Weakness: Costly [very]

52
Q

Strength & weakness of Emergency drills

A

Strength: raise people awareness and reduce panic and irrational behaviour when earthquakes occur
Weakness: not effective when insufficient time for evacuation

53
Q

Strength & weakness of Earthquake monitoring system

A

Strength: can estimate magnitude and frequency at fault lines
Weakness: costly, inaccurate, interfered easily, only provides general indication

54
Q

2 short term responses

A

Search & rescue
Emergency, food & medical supplies

55
Q

Elaborate on strengths & weaknesses of search & rescue

A

locate & free trapped people
s: can save survivors who were trapped without food
w: rescue workers only have 72 hours

56
Q

Elaborate on strengths & weaknesses of emergency, food & medical supplies

A

provide immediate medical help
s: civilians carry on lives easily after disaster
w: insufficient supplies lead to social unrest

Pure Geography (7 decks)

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