Tectonic Hazards

Question 1

What type of plate boundary does Los Angeles lie on?

Answer 1

Conservative plate boundary

Question 2

Where is California located?
(Country, ocean, close to)

Answer 2

Located on the west coast of the USA on the Pacific Ocean and is close to Mexico

Question 3

When did the Los Angeles earthquake occur?
(Time, date, year)

Answer 3

04:30am on the 17th January 1994
(Michelle Obama’s birthday)

Question 4

What is the name of the plate boundary LA lies on, and what two plates is it in the middle of?

Answer 4

San Andreas fault, Between the pacific and North American plate.

Question 5

Los Angeles Earthquake magnitude

Answer 5

6.7

Question 6

Los Angeles earthquake depth of focus

Answer 6

18.4km

Question 7

Give 3 primary impacts of the Los Angeles earthquake

Answer 7

Eg: Primary
• 57 deaths
• 12,000 injuries
• 12,500 buildings damaged
• Cost: 15 billion dollars

Question 8

How many people died in the Los Angeles earthquake?

Answer 8

57

Question 9

How much did the Los Angeles earthquake cost?

Answer 9

15 billion dollars

Question 10

How many injuries in the Los Angeles
Earthquake?

Answer 10

12,000

Question 11

Give 3 secondary effects of the Los Angeles earthquake

Answer 11

eg:
15,000 aftershocks​

Some died from indirect causes like stressed induced cardiac arrest​

Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas lines from houses shifting off their foundations or unsecured water heaters tumbling​

Valley fever outbreak - This respiratory disease is caused by inhaling airborne spores of the fungus.​

it is believed that the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides.​

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Question 12

Some people didn’t die directly from the earthquake in Los Angeles, give an example

Answer 12

Induced cardiac arrests

Question 13

How did the Los Angeles earthquake trigger a valley fever outbreak?

Answer 13

Scientists predicted the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides.

Question 14

Give 2 short term responses of the LA earthquake

Answer 14

California created the CEA (California earthquake authority)​

ordinary citizens who are members of the Los Angeles Fire Department’s Community Emergency Response Team program rescued people​

Question 15

Give 2 long-term responses of the LA earthquake

Answer 15

A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking ​

A law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995

Question 16

Nepal is an LIC ranked ____ out of 188 countries, nearly _____ people live on less than ____ a day

Answer 16

145, 8 million, $1.26

Question 17

What type of plate boundary did Nepal lie on?

Answer 17

Destructive Collision

Question 18

Which 2 plate boundaries is Nepal in between of?

Answer 18

Indian and Eurasian (near Himalayas)

Question 19

Just a check in, how well do you think you are doing so far? :)

Answer 19

You got this <3

Question 20

Name Nepal’s capital and how far the earthquake is from it.

Answer 20

The epicentre was 80km away from Kathmandu

Question 21

What time did the Nepal earthquake hit?
(Time, Date, Year)

Answer 21

Around 6am, on the 25th April 2015
(World Penguin Day)

Question 22

Magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?

Answer 22

7.9

Question 23

Depth of focus of the Nepal earthquake

Answer 23

15km

Question 24

Give 3 primary effects of the Nepal earthquake

Answer 24

eg:
9,000 people died​

20,000 injured – 8 million affected​

Estimated cost around 5 million dollars.​

Electricity and water supplies affected​

50% of shops destroyed​

Question 25

Death toll of the Nepal earthquake

Answer 25

9,000 :(

Question 26

How many injuries in the Nepal earthquake

Answer 26

20,000

Question 27

How many were affected by the Nepal earthquake?

Answer 27

8 million

Question 28

How much did the Nepal earthquake cost?

Answer 28

Estimated at 5 billion dollars

Question 29

How many people went missing in Langtang?

Answer 29

250

Question 30

Give 3 secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake

Answer 30

eg: Widespread avalanches and landslides hampered rescue efforts​ Avalanche on Mount Everest killed at least 19 people​ Avalanche in Langtang caused 250 people to be missing​

Question 31

Give 3 immediate responses of the Nepal earthquake

Answer 31

Internation search and rescue team found 16 survivors.​ Water and medical supplies arrived from UK, China and India​ Charities like the Red Cross set up field hospitals

Question 32

How much did the USA give to Nepal to rebuild?

Answer 32

700 million dollars

Question 33

Give 3 long term responses of the Nepal earthquake

Answer 33

UNESCO is helping to restore 700 damaged temples, palaces and museums​ Roads fixed and landslides cleared, trek on Mount Everest fixed to allow tourists to come.​ US gave 700 million dollars to help rebuild disaster resilient homes.

Question 34

Name the four types of tectonic plate boundary:

Answer 34

Destructive Destructive-Collision Constructive Conservative

Question 35

What is a constructive plate boundary?

Answer 35

When two plates move apart.

Question 36

What is a conservative plate boundary?

Answer 36

Where tectonic plates move alongside each other.

Question 37

What is a destructive plate boundary?

Answer 37

Where oceanic and continental crust collide.

Question 38

What is a destructive-collision plate boundary?

Answer 38

When two continental plates collide.

Question 39

Explain why earthquakes can occur at a conservative plate boundary:

Answer 39

- Two plates grind past each other (either in opposite directions or at different speeds) at a fault. - The plates can sometimes get stuck, causing pressure to build up. - Eventually, energy around this point (the focus) is released as an earthquake.

Question 40

Explain why both volcanoes and earthquakes can occur at constructive plate boundaries:

Answer 40

- Two plates move apart. - Magma rises from the gap between them, and cools to form new crust (e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge) - This can cause shield volcanoes to form. - Additionally, the movement of the plates can cause vast amounts of seismic energy to be released as earthquakes.

Question 41

Explain why both volcanoes and earthquakes can occur at destructive plate boundaries:

Answer 41

- Two plates are moving towards each other. - Oceanic crust is subducted as it is denser than continental crust. - Friction between the two plates during subduction causes strong earthquakes. - As the oceanic plate is forced downwards, heat from the mantle melts it and turns it into magma. - The magma forces its way up to form a composite volcano.

Question 42

Describe the movement of convection currents:

Answer 42

- Rock in the mantle is heated to become magma. - This heated magma expands, becoming less dense, and rises to the surface, pushing magma above sideways. - Once it reaches the crust, the magma cools, becoming denser, and sinks. - The circular motion of the magma rising and descending as it warms and cools is a convection current.

Question 43

What are some ways of predicting when earthquakes may occur?

Answer 43

- Looking at changes in animal behaviour. - Looking at changes in electromagnetic fields. - Looking at rising water levels - Using seismometers to detect foreshocks. - Using tiltmeters to detect rock movement. - Looking at changes in radon levels. However, there are no reliable ways of predicting earthquakes completely.

Question 44

What are some ways of planning for an earthquake?

Answer 44

- Creating emergency grab bags. - Constructing aseismic buildings. - Practicing emergency drills (such as Great California Shakeout). - Constructing emergency shelters. - Educate the public on risks. - Set aside emergency funds. - Map out areas that would be most at risk.

Question 45

What are some ways of "earthquake proofing" buildings?

Answer 45

- Very deep foundations. - Strong double-glazed windows. - Rubber shock absorbers between foundations. - Automatic shutters to reduce risk from broken glass. - Disconnected from foundations to reduce vibrations and tremors.