Tectonic Hazards

Question 1

Inner core

Answer 1

1260km, hottest, solid, iron mixed with nickel

Question 2

Outer core

Answer 2

2220km thick, liquid, iron and nickel

Question 3

Mantle

Answer 3

Soft toffee, thickest part of the earth 2900km, denser than the crust

Question 4

Crust

Answer 4

We live on this layer, made of less dense rock so it floats on the mantle, earth’s hard skin, 8-65 km deep

Question 5

Which layers are the lithosphere?

Answer 5

The crust and upper mantle

Question 6

Oceanic crust

Answer 6

Forms on ocean floor, denser, thinner on average 7km, made of basalt

Question 7

Continental crust

Answer 7

Makes up land masses, less dense, thicker 30-50 km, mainly made of granite

Question 8

Constructive margins

Answer 8

Volcanos, gentle earthquakes

Question 9

The focus of an earthquake?

Answer 9

The point on the fault surface where seizmic energy is first released

Question 10

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

Answer 10

The point on Earth surface directly above the focus

Question 11

What is a seismic wave?

Answer 11

Vibrations that travel through earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake

Question 12

What is the Richter scale?

Answer 12

A scale that rates an earthquake‘s magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves

Question 13

What is a magma chamber?

Answer 13

The pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects

Question 14

What is the primary vent of a volcano?

Answer 14

The pipe that connects the magma chamber to the crater

Question 15

What is the secondary vent of a volcano?

Answer 15

Small outlets from which magma escapes

Question 16

What is a crater?

Answer 16

A bowl shaped to render that may form at the top of a volcano around the central vent

Question 17

What is a parasitic cone?

Answer 17

A small cone that develops on the side of a main cone it forms if the main vent is blocked

Question 18

What is a shield volcano?

Answer 18

A broad domed volcano fluid basaltic lava

Question 19

What is a Strato volcano?

Answer 19

A volcano is formed when repeated eruptions leave layers of debris on top of each other

Question 20

Definition of a volcano

Answer 20

An opening of earths crust from which molten rock and gas is ejected into the atmosphere and onto the Earth surface

Question 21

Free reasons why people live near volcanoes

Answer 21

Fertile soil, too poor to afford alternatives, they don’t believe it will happen to them

Question 22

What is poverty

Answer 22

The experience of not having the basic things one needs to live a full and dignified life

Question 23

What is inequality?

Answer 23

Unequal distribution of scarce resources

Question 24

What is development?

Answer 24

The process of improving the material conditions of people through a diffusion of knowledge and technology

Question 25

What is a development indicator?

Answer 25

A piece of data that helps to show how developed a country is

Question 26

What is an example of a social development indicator?

Answer 26

Number of doctors per 1000 people, average age of mother at first birth, percentage of five-year-olds that are underweight

Question 27

What is an example of an economic development indicator?

Answer 27

GDP per capita,

Question 28

What is an example of a technological development indicator?

Answer 28

Number of mobile phones per 100 people, percentage of the country of access to electricity, number of broadband subscribers per 100 people

Question 29

What is an example of a composite development indicator?

Answer 29

Human development index, world happiness index

Question 30

What is the development gap?

Answer 30

Differences and standards of living between the worlds richest and poorest countries

Question 31

What caused the development gap? Historical

Answer 31

The industrial revolution, colonies

Question 32

What caused for development gap political?

Answer 32

Conflict, corruption

Question 33

What caused the development gap geographical?

Answer 33

Some countries have better soil and better climate for crops, some countries benefit from their location e.g. Singapore sits in one of the worlds busiest shipping routes

Question 34

How can we bridge the development gap?

Answer 34

Letting poor countries develop by themselves, aid, charity, foreign direct investment

Question 35

Why would we let poor countries develop themselves?

Answer 35

Because it has worked before with Singapore

Question 36

What is bilateral aid?

Answer 36

Aid from one country to another

Question 37

What is multilateral aid?

Answer 37

Resources given by rich countries to super national organisations such as the UN and from their to recipient countries

Question 38

What is development aid?

Answer 38

Long term programs to help support the general development of the country

Question 39

What is emergency aid?

Answer 39

Immediate response to a disaster, food, bottled water, medical kits, tents and blankets are handed out

Question 40

What is foreign direct investment?

Answer 40

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

Question 41

What are five countries that border Russia?

Answer 41

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine

Question 42

What is the country with bad gender quality?

Answer 42

Saudi Arabia, Pakistan

Question 43

What are some examples of gender and inequality?

Answer 43

Difference in wages, education, expectations for children

Question 44

Who was significant figures in Russia’s geopolitical history?

Answer 44

Ivan the Terrible, tsar Nicholas 11, Lenin, Stalin, Gorbachev and Putin

Question 45

What is a country of great gender equality?

Answer 45

New Zealand

Question 46

Name some factors that show gender inequality within countries

Answer 46

Time spent in education, number of female leaders, female literacy rate, wage gap

Question 47

Two examples of primary hazards in volcanoes

Answer 47

Pyroclastic flows, ash cloud

Question 48

What is a pyroclastic flow?

Answer 48

Fast moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter

Question 49

What is an ash cloud?

Answer 49

A cloud made a volcanic debris from the eruption

Question 50

Two examples of secondary hazards of volcanoes

Answer 50

Lahars, flooding

Question 51

What is a lahar?

Answer 51

A destructive mud flow on the slopes of a volcano

Question 52

Give two examples of primary hazards in earthquakes

Answer 52

Ground shaking, surface rupture

Question 53

What is tephra?

Answer 53

Rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption

Question 54

What is a Jokulaup?

Answer 54

Glacial outburst flood

Question 55

Why does a volcano cause flooding?

Answer 55

Because it can melt glaciers and ice caps

Question 56

Secondary hazards of earthquakes

Answer 56

Liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis

Question 57

What is the fault line in an earthquake?

Answer 57

A fracture in the rock at a plate margin where pressure builds

Question 58

What are after-shocks?

Answer 58

A small earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake

Question 59

What are physical factors affecting volcanoes?

Answer 59

Volcanic explosivity, length of eruption, wind direction

Question 60

Human factors affecting volcanoes

Answer 60

Population density, level of economic development, ability to predict eruptions, time of day

Question 61

Physical factors affecting earthquakes

Answer 61

Magnitude, geology, distance from epicentre, depth of focus

Question 62

What is the magnitude of an earthquake?

Answer 62

Amount of energy released