Tectonic Hazards

Question 1

Where do the majority of volcanoes and earthquakes occur?

Answer 1

On plate boundaries

Question 2

What are the two types of crust?

Answer 2

Oceanic and Continental

Question 3

What temperature is the inner core of the Earth?

Answer 3

> 5,000°C

Question 4

What are two characteristics of continental crust?

Answer 4

They are relatively thick (20-200km).
They are less dense than oceanic crust.
Continental crust cannot be destroyed.
Continental crust is old (3.8bn years).
They are made of granite.

Question 5

What are 2 characteristics of oceanic crust?

Answer 5

They are relatively thin (5-10km).
They can be destroyed and recycled at destructive plate margins.
They are relatively young (200 million years).
They are more dense than continental crust.
They are formed of basalt rock.

Question 6

What is slab pull and what causes it?

Answer 6

Slap pull is where oceanic crust sinks into the mantle under the influence of gravity. Which also causes the rest of the plate to be pulled along behind it.

Question 7

What is ridge push and what causes it?

Answer 7

Ridge push is where oceanic crust is pushed into the mantle due to new crust being formed from magma rising and cooling.

Question 8

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at a destructive plate boundary?

Answer 8

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Question 9

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at constructive plate boundaries?

Answer 9

Volcanoes and earthquakes.

Question 10

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at conservative plate boundaries.

Answer 10

Earthquakes

Question 11

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at collision plate boundaries?

Answer 11

Earthquakes

Question 12

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Destructive plate boundaries?

Answer 12

Oceanic and Continental.

Moving towards each other. (Oceanic is subducted)

Question 13

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Constructive plate boundaries?

Answer 13

Oceanic and Oceanic.

Away from each other.

Question 14

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Conservative plate boundaries?

Answer 14

Continental and Continental.

Sliding Past each other at different speeds.

Question 15

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Collision plate boundaries?

Answer 15

Continental and Continental.

Moving towards each other.

Question 16

What type of volcano is formed at a destructive plate boundary?

Answer 16

Composite volcanoes

Question 17

What type of volcano is formed at a constructive plate boundary?

Answer 17

Shield volcanoes

Question 18

If an volcano is extinct what does it mean?

Answer 18

The volcano is never going to erupt again due to their magma chambers being empty.

Question 19

If a volcano is dormant what does it mean?

Answer 19

The volcano has not erupted in around in 200yrs and does not show any signs of unrest but it could become active again.

Question 20

If a volcano is active what does it mean?

Answer 20

The volcano has recently erupted or is likely to erupt again.

Question 21

What are 2 characteristics of a shield volcano?

Answer 21

Eruptions are gentle.
Their lava is runny and can travel long distances.
They are wide with gentle sloped sides.
They are found on constructive plate margins.

Question 22

What are 2 characteristics of composite volcanoes?

Answer 22

They are tall with steep sides.
They have thick slow flowing lava.
They can produce ash clouds and pyroclastic flows.
They are found on destructive plate margins.

Question 23

What are 5 primary hazards from volcanoes?

Answer 23

Death/Injuries.
Pyroclastic flows.
Ash clouds.
Lava flows.
Earthquakes.
Volcanic bombs.

Question 24

What are 5 secondary impacts of volcanoes?

Answer 24

Homelessness.
Food shortages.
Disease.
Volcanic winters.
Lachars (mud flows).
Tsunamis.

Question 25

What is an earthquake and what is it caused by?

Answer 25

They are a sudden violent shaking of the ground caused by a sudden release of energy from a build in pressure in tectonic plates.

Question 26

What are 3 factors that affect the impact of an earthquake?

Answer 26

``` Distance from the epicentre or focus. The magnitude of the earthquake. The development of an area. Population density. Time of day. Communication - accessibility for rescue teams. ```

Question 27

What is Liquefaction?

Answer 27

Where the ground behaves as a liquid as water rushes to the surface

Question 28

What is an example Case study of an earthquake in an LIC?

Answer 28

Nepal Earthquake, 2015

Question 29

What is an example Case study of an earthquake in an HIC?

Answer 29

L’Aquila, Italy Earthquake, 2008

Question 30

How many people died and were injured in the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

Answer 30

Dead - 8,856 | Injured - 21,952

Question 31

How many hospitals and schools were destroyed in the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

Answer 31

Hospitals - 26 | Schools - 50%

Question 32

What two plates does Nepal lie on?

Answer 32

Eurasian and Indo-Australian

Question 33

What are 3 Primary effects of the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

Answer 33

Roads and communications were damaged. 26 hospitals destroyed as well as 50% of schools. Almost 8,900 died and almost 22,000 people injured. 7 world heritage sites destroyed in Kathmandu Valley.

Question 34

What are 3 Secondary Effects of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake?

Answer 34

Fires caused by leaking gas. Avalanche at Everest killed 18 climbers. Tourism industry badly damaged by quake. Landslides in valleys killed around 250 people. Lots of water was contaminated by sewage pipes leaking. Many people became ill due to disease.

Question 35

What are 3 Immediate responses to the 2015 Nepal Earthquake?

Answer 35

``` Roads repaired and landslides cleared. Search and Rescue teams deployed. Field hospitals deployed. Helicopters rescue people in avalanches. Half a million tents for shelter. ```

Question 36

What are 3 Long-Term responses to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

Answer 36

Over 7,000 schools rebuilt. Stricter controls on building codes. Technical and financial support offered by countries. (India + China = $1bn)

Question 37

When did the L’Aquila, Italy earthquake hit?

Answer 37

3:32am on April 6th, 2009

Question 38

What was the population of L’Aquila, Italy?

Answer 38

70,000

Question 39

What were 3 primary impacts of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

Answer 39

``` Infrastructure collapsed. 10,000-15,000 buildings destroyed. 300 deaths. Around 1,500 injured. Local hospital evacuated due to severe damage. ```

Question 40

What are 3 Secondary Impacts of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

Answer 40

Powerful aftershocks. 70,000 people made homeless. Historical cathedral collapsed (affects tourism). Rockfalls and Landslides. Fires spreading. National Parks damaged (reduced biodiversity)

Question 41

What are 3 immediate Responses to the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

Answer 41

40,000 tents. Rescue Operations from Emergency Services (well organised). Diggers used to unblock roads. Suspended rent, gas and electrical bills. Within an hour Italian Red Cross searching for survivors.

Question 42

What are 3 Long-Term responses to the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

Answer 42

7 members of Major Risks Commission found guilty. A new town promised to be built. 4,500 new buildings built by end of 2009. EU granted $552 million from major disaster fund.