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Geography Y10 > Tectonic Plates > Flashcards

Tectonic Plates Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Crust

A

The crust is a solid layer of rock on the surface of the planet. The thickness varies between 3-30miles

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2
Q

Mantle

A

The mantle is a semi-liquid layer of magma or molten rock that moves due to convection currents

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3
Q

Outer core

A

The liquid part of the core which has a similar composition to the inner core

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4
Q

Inner core

A

The inner core is the solid part at the centre of the earth. It is made of iron and nickel and has temperatures reaching 5500 degrees

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5
Q

Pink animals eat an important cake noon, soon and in January. in autumn pink nuts can speak

A

Pacific
African
Eurasian
Arabian
Indo-Australian
Caribbean
North American
South America
Juan de fuca
Antarctic
Philippine
Nazca
Cocos
Scotia

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6
Q

Describe the crust

A

It is broken up into seven large sections and various smaller sections, which are floating on the mantle and moving towards, away from and past each other

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7
Q

What causes the crust to move

A

The heat from the inner core tried to escape and “boils” semi-molten rocks in the mantle which slowly moves the crust above it

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8
Q

What are the movements of the plates by the mantle called

A

Convection currents

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9
Q

Arrows down

A

Plate converge/ destructive plate boundary

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10
Q

Arrows up

A

Plates diverge constructive plate boundary

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11
Q

Constructive plate boundaries

A

Example =North America plate and Eurasian plate with mid Atlantic ridge down the middle
Find=volcanoes
Forms volcanic islands (eg Iceland islands)
Pulling away of plates forces magma up that cools to form new islands

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12
Q

Destructive plate boundary

A

Example=nazca and South America plate
Plates move towards each other and cause volcanoes and earthquakes
The denser oceanic plate will subduct to the continental plate causing a subduction zone and oceanic trench to form

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13
Q

Collision plate

A

Example =Eurasian plate and Indo-Australian plate
Two continental plates move towards each other and force each other upwards to form fold mountains(e.g. Himalayas)
Earthquakes occur

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14
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

Example=North America plate and pacific plates San Andreas fault
Earthquakes
Plates move past each other

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15
Q

What is volcano

A

A volcano is an opening or rupture in the Earth surface or crust which allows hot magma volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface

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16
Q

Main vent

A

The opening for the magma to go up through the volcano

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17
Q

Magma chamber

A

The source of the Milton rock

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18
Q

Crater

A

The circular basin shape on the top of the volcano

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19
Q

Secondary cone

A

A secondary vent formed in the side of the mountains

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20
Q

Volcanic bombs

A

Airborne material from a volcanic eruption

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21
Q

Active

A

A volcano that could erupt at any point

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22
Q

Dormant

A

A volcano that is ‘spleeping’ and has not erupted for years

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23
Q

Extinct

A

A volcano that is unlikely to erupt ever again

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24
Q

What are some hazards of volcanoes

A

Ash
Gas
Acid rain
Lahar
Pyroclastic flow
Lava flow

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25
Hazards of ash
The smoke cloud normally seen from an eruption is ash This travels for miles and settles as ashfall This can produce very fertile soil
26
Hazards of gas
Volcanoes produce gas when they are erupting This includes carbon dioxide steam and sulphur dioxide Volcanic gases smell of rotten eggs due to the sulphur that is present
27
Hazards of acid rain
The sulphur emissions from volcanoes can cause acid rain Acid rain can be dangerous to plant and animal life It can also harm humans
28
Hazards of a Lahar
Lahar is a mudflow that comes from a volcano It can be dangerous due to its energy and speed It is fluid when moving but solidifies when stopped
29
Hazards of pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow are floods of gas, lava and rock that rush down the volcano after an interruption Their hot gases and high speeds make them lethal to anything in their path
30
Hazards of lava flow
Lava flow is created by a non-explosive eruption It consist of molten rock It is thick and can travel very far before solidifying It can be very destructive, but it is slow. Moving
31
What are the benefits of lava and ash
Produces fertile soil once it has been weathered
32
What is the environmental benefit from lava
Geothermal energy means that the cost of living can be massively reduced (renewable energy)
33
What is the financial benefit of volcanoes
Volcanoes can help to generate income to the region through tourist numbers
34
How do volcanoes upheld wildlife species
volcanoes create new land overtime and provide habitats for several unique wildlife species
35
What are the 10 most active volcanoes
Kilauea-Hawaii Mount Etna-Sicily Stromboli-aedian Mount Merapi-Indonesia Piton de la Fournaise-réunion island Eyjafjallajokull-Iceland Mount yasur-Vanuatu Sakurajima-Japan Popocatépal- Mexico Fuego-Guatemala
36
How does a spectrometers help predict an eruption
Volcanic emissions may increase before an eruption. spectrometers can be used to measure the amount of sulphur dioxide gas that is being admitted by a volcano
37
How does a seismometer help predict eruptions
Before an eruption magma collects in the magma chamber. The movement of magma can cause earthquakes. These can be measured using a seismometer
38
How can tiltmeters and geodimeters help predict an eruption
The shape of a volcano may change in the build up to an eruption due to magma gathering in the magma chamber and vents. Tiltmeters and geodimeters can measure any changes in the slope of a volcano
39
How does a thermometer predict an eruption
Water temperatures can rise before an eruption. A thermometer can be used to measure this. Water levels may also change if magma oozes onto the floor of a river or lake on the volcano
40
What is an earthquake
Earthquakes are vibrations of the earths crust caused by movement at plate boundaries of major fault lines
41
Where do most earthquakes occur
Earthquakes can occur at all four major plate boundaries but the most severe earthquakes usually occur a conservative and destructive plate boundaries
42
What do earthquakes produce
An earthquake produces long shockwaves(seismic waves) that travel out from the centre of the crust just like a stone being thrown in a pond
43
Describe the focus
The focus is the point where the earthquakes starts. The waves spread out from the focus. Near the focus waves are stronger, causing more damage
44
What Is the epicentre
The point on the Earth surface immediately above the focus
45
What causes an earthquake
When tectonic plates have been pushing against each other and the stored energy that has built up is released in shockwaves which cause the earth surface to shake
46
Why is it more dangerous for an earthquake to occur in a city than the country side
Not many people live in the countryside but in a city it’s very high built urban area that has loads of people in it loads of buildings that can fall because buildings not earthquakes kill people so it’s just a lot more dangerous
47
What is the Richter scale
The Richter scale can be used to measure the magnitude(power) of a tremor using an instrument called a seismograph
48
What type of scale is the Richter scale and what does this mean
It is a logarithmic scale. Which means a size 6 earthquake on the richer scale is 10 times larger than a size 5 and 100 times larger than a size 4. It cause up in x10 strength
49
What happens during an earthquake of 1-3
Not much, you wouldn’t really really notice this slight shaking for sensitive people
50
4-5
Can be felt by everyone doesn’t cause much damage windows they break poor constructed buildings may fall
51
6-8
Damage buildings, absolute catastrophe, collapse of Everything
52
9-10
Complete destruction shaking can could be felt from far away only occur once every three centuries
53
What are the short term impacts of an earthquake
Roads destroyed Buildings collapse Debris causes injury /death Water or gas mains burst Electricity cut off
54
What are some long term impacts of a earthquake
Disease Mental trouble People lose livelihoods Tsunamis Landslides
55
How do you plan to limit the impact of an earthquake
Emergency services can practice for disaster Stockpile medicine foods blanket etc Educate the population and what to do during and after an earthquake
56
How do you protect cities from an earthquake
Construct buildings and roads that stand shaking
57
How can we predict earthquakes?
Predicting earthquakes accurately enough to evacuate people is nearly impossible but: Water levels can change in wells and lakes Foreshocks can be detected by a size monometer and a tilt meter can detect movement within rock Animals can act strangely before an earthquake
58
What factors can affect the level of damage done by an earthquake
Magnitude of the earthquake Physical landscape Time of day Building design and construction Emergency services response GDP (gross domestic produce) Education
59
How can buildings be adapted for an earthquake?
Rolling weights on the roof to counteract the shockwaves Identification number on the roof visible to helicopters Open areas for pedestrians to assemble Automatic shutters come down over the windows Deep and firm building foundations Rubber shock absorbers beneath the buildings
60
What are tsunamis
Tsunamis are tidal waves caused by underwater earthquakes. A tsunami travels at speeds between 400 and 600 mph.
61
What was the cause of the case study of tsunami
On the 26th of December 2004 and nine earthquake occurred beneath the Indian ocean at the sundra trench(destructive plate boundary). the quake was caused by a slip along a fault in the earths crust where the Indian Australian is subducted below the Burma plate
62
What was the result of the case study tsunami
The crust ruptured at over 7600 km an hour along 1500 km section of fault releasing more energy than 23,000 atomic bombs. tsunami spread across the Indian ocean affecting coastal areas of 14 countries including Indonesia, SriLanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Maldives and Malaysia. over 226,000 people are presumed to have died in the disaster.
63
How, can we reduce the impact of tsunamis?
Offshore breakwater trees on the beach to break up the waves flood proof buildings for buildings within the inland limit of a one in a hundred year tsunami Evacuation Road normal safe development much further away from shore
64
What is the continental crust made of
Granite
65
Oceanic trench
A deep valley found in the ocean
66
Convection current
A circulating current of warmer material(such as magma)
67
Lithosphere
The crust and upper mantle form this
68
Ring of fire
Around the edges of the Pacific Ocean
69
Main type of rock in the oceanic crust
Basalt
70
The innermost layer of true earth
Core

Geography Y10 (6 decks)

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