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Tectonicss Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

a natural occurring process or event that has the potential to affect people

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2
Q

What is a natural disaster

A

a major natural hazard that causes significant socio-economic and environmental damage

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3
Q

what is the global distribution of earthquakes

A

clusters along the plate boundaries 90%

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4
Q

What is the global distribution of volcanoes

A

found at regions where plate margins meet
occur pacific ring of fire
away from plate boundaries is called a hot spot

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5
Q

what is the global distribution of tsunamis

A

generated along subduction zones around 90% at pacific basin

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6
Q

What is an intra-plate processes

A

these occur in the middles or interior of tectonic plates and are much rarer than boundary earthquakes

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7
Q

what is a seismic hazard

A

generated when rocks within 700km of earths surface comes under such stress they break

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8
Q

what Is the jigsaw fit evidence for plate tectonics

A

some contents seem to fit together if placed side by side.
e.g. western seaboard of Africa and south America

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9
Q

what is the fossil evidence for continental drift

A

fossils of the same plants have been found on almost all continents suggesting they all had similar climates at one point

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10
Q

what are the four main types of plate boundary

A
  • destructive
  • collision
  • constructive
  • conservative
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11
Q

describe a destructive plate boundary

A
  • two plates colliding oceanic being subjected as more dense
  • volcanoes and fold mountains found here
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12
Q

describe a conservative plate boundary

A

-two of the same plate moving in the same direction at different speeds
-strong earthquakes found here

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13
Q

describe a constructive plate boundary

A

-two plates moving apart with magma upwelling crating new land
-volcanoes very common here

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14
Q

describe a collision plate boundary

A
  • two plates collide and fold upwards
  • very strong earthquakes found here
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15
Q

what is a volcanic hot spot dn how are volcanoes formed here

A
  • an area in the mantle from which hat rises as a hot thermal plume from deep in earth. melts through lithosphere and through cracks to from volcanoes, as a plate moves over the spot a series chain forms
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16
Q

what are the properties of the two different types of crust

A

oceanic crust - thing comps of basalt but denser
continental crust - thicker of granite but less dense

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17
Q

how do convection currents drive plate movement

A

heat from core drives rock upwards near crust rocks drag along side the plate moving them creating a convection current cell heat rising and falling powering movement of the plate

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18
Q

what is paleo-magnetism

A

Iron particles in lava erupted on the ocean floor are alligned with earths magnetic filed.

As the lava solidfys thes particles provide a permanent record of the earths polarity at the time of eruption

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19
Q

what is a primary hazard

A

occurs immediately direct result of the earthquake

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20
Q

what is a secondary hazard

A

occur as a consequence of ground shaking

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21
Q

how does soil become liquefied

A

shaking destabilisers the soil by increasing the space between grains meaning structure is lost

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22
Q

what are the three types of lava

A

basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic

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23
Q

what is the hottest lava

A

Basaltic (1000-1200)

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24
Q

Basaltic flow characteristics and eruption energy

A

thin and runny
gentle and effusive

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25
what is the coolest lava
rhyolitic
26
Andesitic flow characteristics and eruption energy
slow violent and some what explosive
27
Rhyolitic flow characteristics and eruption energy
thick and stiff very violent and cataclysmic
28
what are the primary hazards of volcanoes (4)
lava flows, pyroclastic flow, ash falls (tephra), volcanic gases
29
What does Lava flow do?
can destroy property but typically slow moving
30
What is pyroclastic flow
fast moving clouds of hot gas and ash highly deadly
31
what do ash falls (tephra) do
can collapse roofs, disrupt air travel and affect breathing
32
what are the secondary hazards of volcanoes (3)
Lahars, tsunamis, climate effects
33
what are Lahars
mudflows of ash and water burying settlements
34
how is a tsunamis made
triggered by underwater eruptions or landslides
35
Climate effects
SO₂ and ash can lead to global cooling by blocking sunlight
36
what's classified as a mega disaster
over 2000 deaths 200,000 homeless GDP reduced by 5% Dependence from abroad aid for a year+ after event
37
risk definition
the exposure of people to a hazardous event the probability of a hazard occurring that could cause loss of life
38
vulnerability definition
how exposed you may be, the tendency of place group or society to incur loses to hazards
39
resilience definition
the ability of a community to resist absorb and to restore areas after the natural hazards has occurred
40
what is the Deggs model
shows the interaction between hazards, disaster and human vulnerability
41
increasing vulnerability (6)
-population growth -urbanisation and urban sprawl -environmental degradation -loss of community memory about hazards -ageing population -ageing infrastructure
42
decreasing vulnerability (7)
-warning and emergency systems -economic wealth -insurance -community initiatives -scientific understanding -hazard engineering
43
what's the risk equation
risk = hazard x vulnerability / capacity to cope
44
what is the PAR model
pressure and release model explains how disasters occur due to combination or natural hazards and social vulnerability
45
what are the three key parts of a PAR model
root causes, dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions
46
root causes PAR model
- limited access to power and resources - ideologies political and economic systems
47
dynamic pressures PAR model
lack of training, appropriate skills, local investments rapid population change rapid urbanisation
48
unsafe conditions PAR model
- dangerous location unprotected buildings - low income - lack of prepardness
49
what's a hazard profile
compares the physical processes that all hazards share and helps decision makers identify and rank hazards
50
how do governments effect the risk of disaster
-meeting basic needs -planning -environmental management -preparedness -corruption -openness
51
what's a multi hazard zone
locations where a number of physical hazards combine to create increasing level of risk for the country and its population
52
what's a disaster hotspot
a country or area that is extremely disaster prone for a number of reasons
53
what's forecasting
statistical likelihood of an event occurring in a location
54
what are the different ways to predict disasters
- identifying "diagnostic precursors" such as change in physical or chemical conditions in an area -detecting stress zones by monitoring magma flows -looking at animal behaviour changes and electromagnetic changes
55
predicting earthquakes
- seismic gaps, areas overdue an earthquake -seismometers
56
predicting volcanoes
-measuring changes as magma chambers fill -reading minor earthquakes indicating magma movements - gas spectrometers analyse gas emissions
57
predicting tsunamis
- an earthquake induced one can't be predicted - ocean monitoring equipment
58
what is mitigation
practices used to describe actions and interventions that a community may take to reduce vulnerability in advance of a tectonic hazard event
59
what is adaption
ways in which communities may be able to live with a tectonic hazard by making adjustments to reduce risk
60
what is the scale of strategies classified as
micro- strengthening individual buildings people or structures macro- large scale protective measure designed to protect whole communities
61
what are the three ways to change impacts of hazards
modifying the effect of the event, modifying vulnerability and resilience, modifying loss
62
How do you modify the effect of the event
land use zoning, resistant building designs, engineering defences to divert lava flows
63
how do you modify vulnerability and resilience
monitoring, prediction, education and community preparedness
64
how do you modify loss
emergency services, short and long term aid, insurance
65
what's land use zoning
to remove important infrastructure or dense populations from areas at risk
66
+ve and -ve of land use zoning
+ low cost + Removes people - prevents economic development for some high value land - requires strict rules
67
what are Aseismic buildings
strong enough to resist earthquakes and damage: - cross bracing reinforces the structure - counter weights - deep foundations - reinforced cement concrete roof - reinforced steel corner pillars
68
how do we protect form tsunamis
- engineer solutions to the event tsunami wall = a sea wall to channel tsunami wave away from population - replanting coasts with mangroves as they dissipate energy
69
how can we modify volcanoes
- diverting or chilling flows - e.g. iceland 1973 -philippines have drained a lake to stop it flooding when erupted
70
whats modify vulnerability
- prediction, forecasting and warnings - improvements in preparedness - planning and testing of hazard reduction systems
71
whats the spearmans rank
statistical analysis correlation coefficient used to measure the degree to which there is a correlation between two sets of data
72
what is the Spearman's rank equation
p = 1-6∑d[squared] over n(n[squared] - 1)
73
what does the result mean in regards to1
- +1 positive strong - 0 none - -1 negative strong

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