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AP Euro Final Dates Review > Term 1 > Flashcards

Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

¶ 13th Century

A

Aristotle’s Children in Spain re-examine the works of Aristotle.

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2
Q

¶ 14th Century

A

Petrarch, “The Father of the Humanists”, defends secular humanism bringing about the split with medieval Europe and a return to the values of classical antiquity

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3
Q

1450

A

This course begins this year as Europe is evolving from medieval Europe to modern Europe.

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4
Q

14th Century - 1527

A

roughly the Italian Renaissance—Europe begins “modernization”—individualism, humanism, realism, secularism, skepticism.

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5
Q

¶ 1450 - 1789

A

Early modern Europe

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6
Q

¶ 1789 - Present

A

Modern Europe

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7
Q

¶ 1453-85

A

War of the Roses in England—Civil War in England—the Tudors arrive on the throne: Henry VIII, “Bloody Mary” and “The Virgin Queen” were all Tudors.

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8
Q

1452

A

Gutenberg publishes the Bible on a printing press–1st Printing press in the West. Along with the use of the vernacular, this makes literacy increase.

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9
Q

1453

A

Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks ends the Byzantine Empire and Moscow becomes the “3rd Rome ‘’ for Eastern Orthodox Christians

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10
Q

1469

A

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile begins the process of Spanish unification.

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11
Q

1492 (2)

A

”RECONQUISTA” or “reconquest” of Spain is completed by the Roman Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella who began the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain; beginning of Spanish policy of religious orthodoxy.

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11
Q

1492

A

Columbus sailed the ocean blue marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World during the Era of Exploration, Expansion and Exploitation.

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12
Q

1513

A

Machiavelli published The Prince, an illustrative example of realism and secularism in the Renaissance.

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13
Q

1516

A

Erasmus, “The Prince of Humanists”, an example of the Northern Christian Humanists publishes his Praise of Folly, which is critical of church abuses

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14
Q

¶ 1200 - 1700

A

Witchcraft craze in Europe as superstition and “fake news” is rampant during the Era of Religious Wars!!!!

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15
Q

1500s / 16th Century

A

Price Revolution were the inflationary pressures in Europe during this era.

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16
Q

¶ 1498

A

The great Roman Catholic zealot Savonarola is burned at the stake following his attempt to rid Florence of the excesses of Renaissance materialism. This is emblematic of the failure of the Latin Church to examine the abuses that had called the Church’s hierarchy and moral leadership into question.

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17
Q

1517

A

Protestant Reformation Begins as Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses.

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18
Q

1521 - 1648

A

Era of Religious Wars in Europe.

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19
Q

1524-26

A

German Peasants’ Revolt inspired by Protestant Reformation ends in failure as the princes/aristocrats reassert serfdom in the Holy Roman Empire.

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19
Q

1527

A

Sack of Rome is usually used to mark the “end” of the Italian Renaissance and the transfer of the center of Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.

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20
Q

1530s

A

Henry VIII of England is an example of the “New Monarchs” who take power away from the nobility by:
- centralizing taxation with the establishment of monarchical bureaucracies,
- monopolization of force within a nation,
- creation of Royal Courts.

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20
Q

1529

A

The Ottoman Turks lay siege to Vienna thereby distracting the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (remember the “repeating map”) from prosecuting his war against the rebellious Lutherans within his empire.

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21
Q

1492 - 1800

A

Slave trade increases dramatically as European demand for slaves in the New World plantations leads to the devestation of the African continent.

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22
Q

1517 - 1648

A

Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation:

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23
Q

1534

A

Protestantism comes to England as Henry VIII seeks a divorce and establishes a state controlled Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church)

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24
Q

1536

A

John Calvin begins working to reform the city of Geneva near the French border.

Calvinists would believe in predestination¸ the Eucharist being only symbolic, cleanliness and thrift, hard work, equality, and fear of God

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25
Q

1540

A

Loyola’s “Society of Jesus”, or Jesuits, is recognized as an integral part of the Catholic Reformation

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25
Q

1545-63

A

Council of Trent meets to decide how to reform the Catholic Church

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26
Q

1555

A

Peace of Augsburg ended the civil wars in Germany round I with the recognition of Lutheran Protestant Christianity but not Calvinist Protestant Christianity.

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27
Q

1546-55

A

Schmalkaldic Wars batter Germany

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28
Q

1556

A

The Hapsburg lands are split between Philip II of the Spanish Branch and Ferdinand I of the Austrian branch.

29
Q

1553-58

A

“Bloody Mary’s” attempts to re-Catholicize England backfires when the burning of over three hundred Protestants proves to rather unpopular.

30
Q

1567

A

Dutch Wars of Independence and Religion against Philip II.

31
Q

1562-98

A

The French Civil Wars of Religion and Politics

32
Q

1598

A

Edict of Nantes gives French Huguenots religious rights ending the French Wars of Religion as Henry IV, a politique, brings the Bourbons to the throne in France.

33
Q

1588

A

The Spanish Armada Fails in Its Crusade Against Protestant Elizabethan England

34
Q

1598 (2)

A

Philip II “The Most Catholic Monarch’’ of Spain dies.

35
Q

1603

A

Stuarts Family Comes to Power in England and Begins a Century of Political and Religious Conflict

36
Q

1628

A

The English Parliament passes the Petition of Right against the wishes of Charles I. This bill requires the respect of habeas corpus rights, due process of law, and parliamentary control of taxation.

37
Q

1639-46

A

English Civil War round I erupts

38
Q

1648-58

A

Puritanical Protestant Oliver Cromwell rules over the “Commonwealth Period” in English history.

39
Q

1649

A

Charles I is executed.

40
Q

¶ 1649 (2)

A

A group of English Radicals called Levelers demand equal suffrage. This will have to wait until after WWI in England.

41
Q

1651

A

Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan in opposition to the English Civil War and supporting SECULAR ABSOLUTISM

42
Q

1660-88

A

Stuart Restoration in England.

43
Q

1660

A

The English public tires of Puritan rule and the Stuarts are restored to the throne.

44
Q

1688, 89

A

Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights;

45
Q

1688

A

John Locke publishes his Second Treatise on Government,

46
Q

1618

A

Defenestration of Prague Begins Round Two of Religious and Civil War in HRE

47
Q

1648

A

Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War

48
Q

1598 - 1661

A

17th century France following the Edict of Nantes

49
Q

1650s

A

Cardinal Mazarin who ruthlessly employs “divide and conquer” methods against the rebellious nobility quells The French Fronde, or rebellion against the authority of the King.

50
Q

1661 - 1715

A

Louis XIV assumes personal direction of his affairs and begins his reign as the “Sun King”.

51
Q

1543

A

Copernicus challenges the Aristotelian view of the universe.

52
Q

1642

A

Galileo dies and Newton is born indicating the growing and evolving Scientific Revolution.

53
Q

17th Century

A

Known as the Century of Genius as Bacon, Descartes lead the path toward a greater understanding of the universe—Scientific Revolution—let us not forget Pascal who worried about science without ethics.

54
Q

1687

A

Newton publishes “Principia”—proving heliocentric theory using calculus.

55
Q

¶ 17th Century 1652

A

The master artist Rembrandt of Holland is symbolic of the glory days of the Dutch state when he depicts the glories of Dutch culture in his painting recognizable by their sharp contrast between light and dark.

56
Q

1650 - 1700

A

Golden Age of Holland and Sweden

57
Q

1492 - mid 19th century

A

Slave trade makes many a Christian extremely wealthy.

58
Q

1683

A

Ottoman Turks laid siege to Vienna before Leopold I, Habsburg ruler begins to push the Turks back through the Danube River basin marks the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans Peninsula.

59
Q

1450-1650 and beyond

A

The Commercial Revolution

60
Q

1689 - 1789

A

The Era of Enlightenment or Age of Reason;

61
Q

1776

A

Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations

62
Q

1712-78

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

63
Q

1689

A

English Bill of Rights

64
Q

1701-13

A

Wars of Spanish Succession

65
Q

1713

A

Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.”

66
Q

¶ Early 18th Century in England

A

Walpole becomes leader of government as de facto Prime Minister as England develops Party Politics

67
Q

1698 - 1725

A

Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia.

68
Q

1700-21

A

Great Northern War between Swedes and Russia ends with Russian expansion and emergence as the Great Baltic power.

69
Q

1713

A

The Pragmatic Sanction is signed.

70
Q

1740

A

Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel.

71
Q

1740-48

A

War of Austrian Succession between Frederick’s Prussia and Maria Theresa’s Austria begins.

72
Q

¶ 18th Century

A

Rococo Art and Mozart

73
Q

1756

A

Diplomatic Revolution

74
Q

1756-63

A

The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought showing colonial rivalries.

75
Q

1780-90

A

Reign of Josef II of Austria

AP Euro Final Dates Review (3 decks)

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