Term 3 Flashcards
1789 - 1848
Romantic Era - As Wordsworth said, “(Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive…(”
1815 - 1914
the “Long Peace” in Europe between the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of WWI.
1815
The forces of conservatism and reaction dominate the Congress of Vienna where Metternich and others attempt to re-establish the ancien regime.
1776 - 1830
Era of Democratic Revolutions Sweep Across the New World and Western “Liberal” Europe.
This is the Era which ends the initial colonial establishments in Central and South America, for the most part.
1819
Peterloo Massacre in Britain and the repressive Carslbad Decrees in the German States are examples of government opposition to liberalism in the immediate aftermath of the 25 years of French Revolution and Napoleon.
1815-48
The Age of Metternich–Reactionary Repression
named after the conservative/ reactionary statesman Klemens von Metternich of the Austrian Hapsburg Empire
1820s
Both the conflict over the Monroe Doctrine and the Greek Revolution exposes the weakness inherent in any attempt at collective security. In this case, the Concert of Europe agreed to at the Congress of Vienna is splintered.
19th Century - Post-Napoleonic Europe
Industrial Revolution:
- Originally begins in England during the 18th century as a result of the enclosure movement. - Large number of peasants provide cheap labor for the new textile industrial revolution in England in 17th century.
- Most of Europe would begin to industrialize along the factory system
- Workers initially suffered under horrendous conditions, but experienced gradual improvements in standard of living beginning with the 2nd/Steel Industrial Revolution
1830 Revolutions in Europe
Charles X abrogates the Constitutional Charter and moves to crush the forces of liberalism; the July Revolution in France establishes Louis Philippe, “the bourgeois king”, on the throne of France and starts a series of revolutions across Europe.
1798 - 1848
Parson Malthus’s “Essay on Population” and David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” rule the day as the “Manchester School” of economics dominates the “dismal science.”
1830s, 40s, 50s, 60s
Before George Orwell of the 1930’s, was the social critic and incredible author, Charles Dickens. From “Tale of Two Cities”, “Great Expectations”, “Oliver”, “Christmas Carol”, etc. Dickens was a voice of conscience for England during the Industrial Revolution in England.
1846
Repeal of Corn Laws in England.
This action is taken under the leadership of the Prime Minister Robert Peel (Peel Repeals) and marks the growth in power of the laissez-faire Liberal economic thinking of the industrial capitalists.
1815-46
Corn Laws in Effect
1832
Great Reform Bill in Britain is passed extending the franchise and redistricting of the “rotten boroughs” to give more representation to the growing industrial centers of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, etc.
¶ 1838-48
Chartists in England call for universal suffrage
1848
Chartists disband quietly considering it was the year of Revolutions. This shows the evolutionary nature of English society.
¶ 1867
The Reform Bill of 1867 becomes law in England and the franchise is increased by 124%
1850s and beyond
Scramble for Africa
¶ 1884
Reform Bill
1848 (2)
Revolution sweeps across Europe and Failure of liberal nationalism.
1890s
Fabian Socialist and Evolutionary Socialists Parties grow
1848 (3)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish their Communist Manifesto calling for “scientific socialism” and “dialectical materialism”
June 28, 1914
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzigovina, Austrian-Hungarian Empire
killed by a member of the “Black Hand” Gavrilo Princip
July 1914
July diplomatic crisis;
- blank check,
- ultimatum,
- Russian mobilization,
- Schlieffen Plan,
- Belgian neutrality
August 1914
WW1 Begins - “Guns of August”
1915
Italy and Ottomans eenter the fray
1917
United States enters WW1
November 11, 1918
Armistice is signed ending the fighting on the Western Front
“on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month…”
1919
Versailles Peace Conference
1898
Battle of Omdurman in Sudan?
Britain’s “White Man’s Burden” or France’s “Civilizing Mission”
1898 (2)
The Fabian Socialists agitate and form the basis of the modern Labour Party in England.
¶ 1899 - 1902
Boer War in South Africa between Dutch settlers and British Army. Britain finally wins, but the high cost in human life demonstrates the costs of imperialism.
1903
Emmaline Pankhurst challenges the Victorian Era’s cult of domesticity by forming a suffragette campaign.
1904-05
Russo—Japanese War establishes Japan as a legitimate power and leads to calls for reform in Russia.
1905
“Bloody Sunday” the First Russian Revolution in Response to the Russo-Japanese Defeat
1912 and 1913
Balkans Wars shows the instability of the region known as the “powder keg” of Europe.
February 1917
Czar is overthrown and replaced by a provisional government.
November 1917
Provisional government under Kerensky toppled by Lenin and Trotsky and the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
1917-21
Civil War between the Reds and Whites in Russia.
¶ January 1919
Spartacist Revolt of German communists in Germany led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg is brutally crushed by the Weimar government with the help of the archconservative FreiKorps units.
1920
U.S. rejects the Versailles Treaty thus making the League of Nations rather impotent.
