Term 2 - Semester Test Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of living things
A
Movement Respiration Stimulas Cells Growth Reproduce Excertion Nutrition
2
Q
Ciliated cells
A
Has hairs
3
Q
Anaerobic Respiration
A
- without oxygen
- Glucose is convert to lactic acid
- less energy is produced
4
Q
Aerobic Respiration
A
with oxygen
5
Q
Simple Diffusion
A
- substances goes in and out of cells
- movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
6
Q
Osmosis
A
- diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane
- does not require cellular energy, just kinetic energy related to heat on either sides
7
Q
Animal cells
A
- cell membrane
- mitochondrion
- centriole
- ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- nuclear membrane
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- chromosomes
- vacuole
- Golgi apparatus
- cytoplasm
- flagellum
8
Q
Plant cells
A
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- mitochondrion
- chloroplast
- ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- nuclear membrane
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- chromosomes
- vacuole
- Golgi apparatus
- cytoplasm
9
Q
Cell Wall
A
- definite boundary
- part of outer structure of plant cells
10
Q
Cell Membrane
A
- the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
- allows nutrients in and keeps bad nutrients out
- ensures cell doesn’t die
11
Q
Mitochondria
A
- in cytoplasm
- functions in energy production
12
Q
Centriole
A
- small cylindrical cell, near nucleus in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
- divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis
- new pair of centrioles moving ahead of spindle to opposite poles of cell as it divides
- only in animal cells
13
Q
Chloroplasts
A
- a plastid containing chlorophyll
- photosynthesis
- in plant cells
14
Q
Ribosomes
A
- tiny mitten shaped organelle
- occurring freely in cell cytoplasm
in small clusters or attached to outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula - function: site of protein manufacture
- contains RNA to transfer to proteins
15
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- network of tubular membranes in cytoplasm
- either smooth or studded with ribosomes
- involved in transport of materials
- protein and lipid synthesis
16
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- studded in ribosomes proteins
17
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- no ribosomes
- makes lipids
attaches receptors on cell membrane proteins
18
Q
Nuclear Membrane
A
- double membrane surrounding nucleus in cell
19
Q
Nucleus
A
- specialised spherical mass of protoplasm
- encased in double membrane
- found in most living eukaryotic cells
- directs growth, metabolism, reproduction and functioning in transmission of genic character
20
Q
Nucleolus
A
- conspicuous, rounded body within nucleus
21
Q
Chromosomes
A
- several threadlike bodies
- consisting of chromatin
- carry genes in linear order
22
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
- complex of vesicles and folded membrane in cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
- involved in secretion and intracellular transport
23
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- material of protoplasm in living cells
- excluding the nucleus
- fluid substance, contains organelles
24
Q
Flagellum
A
- slender thread like structure
- microscopic whip - like appendage
- enables many protozoa to swim
25
Phospholid Molecule
- phosphorus and fats
- membrane assembly and many of its properties
- heads: on outside of membrane - stop things from passing through
26
Hydrophobic molecules
- pass through membrane
- water repelling (tails of phospholipid molecule)
- insoluble in water
27
Hydrophilic Molecules
- do not pass through freely
- ions larger than water and larger molecules like proteins do not move through membrane on their own
- readily absorb and dissolve water
- water attracting (head of phospholipid molecules)
28
Plasma Membrane Functions
- maintain high concentration of materials
- keeps harmful materials out
- control movement of materials in and out of cell
- let cell sense environment
- proteins are critical for function
- provide structural support, recognition, communication and transport
29
Simple Diffusion
- materials move down concentration gradient through phospholipid bilayer
- example: oxygen and water diffusing into a cell and co2 diffusing out
- passive transport
30
Facilitated diffusion
- passage of materials aided by concentration gradient and transport protein
- example: glucose moving from blood into cell, nerve impulse results from opening protein channels for ions that move by FD
- passive transport
31
Hypertonic
- high salt concentration low water
32
Hypotonic
High water low salt concentration
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Isotonic
water and salt concentration same
34
Lipid Layer
Hydrophobic
35
Eukaryotic
have defined nucleus and organelles
| - plant, animal, fungi, protiza
36
Prokaryotic
first cells, have no defined nucleus
| - monera
37
Cytosol
- fluid substance in cytoplasm
| - no vacuole in animal, so more fluid
38
Internal organelle membrane
- keeps all organelles separate and prevents contents from mixing together
39
Receptor
- bines substance like hormones that bring changes to cell
40
Recognition
- allow to recognise foreign substances and doesn't allow them in
41
Adhesion
allows cells to join together
42
Transport
allows substance to move through membrane
43
Passive Transport
- movement of substances across a cell membrane without any energy
44
Active Transport
- uses energy to move across gradient
- requires energy to move against gradient
- moves from low concentration to high concentration
- allows cells to maintain stable conditions
45
Turgor
- being able to absorb water
| - allows plant to have shape and structure
46
Plasmolysis
- when water is coming out of cell to even concentration
47
ATP
contains chemical energy, used fro processes
| - produced in cellular respiration and photosynthesis
48
Endocytosis
- when cell takes materials from outside by encasing and fusing them with plasma membrane.
- brings into cell
49
Exocytosis
- exiting cells
- molecules are moved out by vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
- how hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with one another
50
Pinocytosis
- ingestion of liquids into cell vesicles
51
Photosynthesis
- process of changing light energy into chemical energy
- chemical energy - stored as sugar
- plants capture light, use light to make glucose
- chlorophyll changes co2 and water to glucose and oxygen
- carbon dioxide enters through stomata
52
Respiration
- opposite of photosynthesis
- release of chemical energy for uses by cells
- chemical energy needs to be converted to a form organisms can use
- breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water
53
Enzymes
- proteins
- act as catalysts to accelerate reaction
- are specific to what they catalyse
- functions wouldn't be able to work without them
- not used up
54
Enzyme - working
- weaken bonds to lower activation energy
55
Active Site
- restricted region of enzyme which binds to substrate
56
Induced Fit
- change in shape of active site
| - induced by substrate
57
Enzyme Activity
affected by:
- environmental conditions
- cofactors and coenzymes
- enzyme inhibitors
58
Environmental Conditions
- extreme temp = danger
| - high temps denature
59
Cofactor and coenzymes
inorganic substances are sometimes needed to activity
60
Competitive Inhibitors
- chemicals that resemble an enzymes normal substrate
| - compete for active site
61
Non competitive Inhibitors
- do not enter active site, but bind to another part of enzyme
- causes enzyme to change shape, in turns alters active site
62
Type of Diseases
- infectious
- inherited
- lifestyle
63
Disease
- a pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterised by identifiable group of signs and symptoms
64
Infection
- occurs when infectous agent enters body and begins to reproduce
65
Pathogen
infectious agent that cause disease
66
Host
an organism infected by another organism
67
virulence
- the relative ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease in a host
68
pathogen
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites (protozoa, fungi, helininths)
69
Endemic/ Enzootic
- constant presence of a disease or infection agent within a geographical area
70
Epidemic/ Epizootic
- occurrence in an area of a disease or illness in excess of what may be expected on the basis of past experience for a population
71
Pandemic
- worldwide occurence
72
Saprophytes
- live off dead matter
73
Parasites
- live off living matter
74
Somatic Nerves
can control, think to do
- controls movements of voluntary muscles
- carries impulses back and forth between CNS
75
Autonomic Nerves
- cannot control, do without thinking
| - control bodily functions that are done without direction such as breathing
76
Sympathetic Nervous System
- flight or fight
| = accelerates heart rate, constricts blood vessel and raises blood pressure
77
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- rest or digest
| - slows heart rate and relaxes body, increasing intestinal and glandular activity
78
Receptors
- collect information
79
Effectors
carry out information
80
Neurones
- nerve cells
| - respond to stimuli and transmit signals
81
Nervous System
- information from receptors passes along nerve cells, neurones, to brain. The brain then coordinates the response
82
Reflexes
- involuntary
- designed to allow you to respond to a potentially dangerous situation very quickly
- as there is no time to think, brain doesn't need to be involved therefore actions are coordinated by spinal cord.
83
Reflex Pathway
stimulus --> receptor --> sensory neurone --> synapses--> motor neurone --> relay neurone --> effector --> response
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Effectors
- muscle or glands
- carry out responses
- muscle responds by contracting
- a gland responds by secreting chemical substances
85
Mylon Sheath
- around nerve system
- makes response faster
- gaps between allow Impulses to jump increasing neuron movement
- electrical insulation that surrounds vertebrate axons
- increases conduction speed
86
afferent
transmits impulses from receptors to CNS
87
efferent
transmits impulses from CNS to rest of body
88
Dendrites
off of neurons
- receive and pass info from other neurons
- numerous highly branched extensions in the neurons
89
Cell body
- contains neuron organelles and nucleus
90
Axon
- an extension from neuron that transmits signals to other cells
91
Synapses
- the junction of the axon, transmits signals and information to other cells
92
Neurotransmitters
- pass information from transmitting neuron to receiving cell.
- chemical messengers at most synapse
93
Sensory Neurons
- transmit info about external stimuli or internal conditions
94
Interneurons
- in the brain, form the local circuit connecting neurons in the brain
- transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons
95
Motor neurons
- transmits signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract
96
Central Nervous System
-integrates sensory info collected by PNS
97
Peripheral Nervous System
- neurons that carry info into and out of CNS
98
Nerves
- axons of neurons bundled together
99
Glia
- wrap axon in many layers of lipid membrane which is a poor conductor of electrical current
- provide support, nutrition, insulation and help with transmission in NS
100
Ependymal Cells
- line the ventricles of the brain and have cilia that promote circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
101
Grey Matter
- made up of neuron cell bodies
| - holds information
102
White Matter
- mainly bundled axons
| - protects information
103
Neuron Structure
- Highly specialised cellular organisation, which are located in the cell body.
- receives and transmits information from the cellular organelles
104
Signal Transmission
- Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters pass info from transmitting neurons to the receiving cells
105
Fungi
eukaryotic, no chlorophyll and have rigid cell wall
106
Bacteria
prokaryotic single cell organisms
107
Apoptosis
death of cell
108
Cellulose
- carbohydrates
| - provide rigid structure
109
Endosomes
- membrane bound vesicles formed by endocytosis
110
Lipophilic
combines or dissolves with lipids or fats
111
Lysosome
- sites for digestion of large molecules and unwanted cells
112
Semi - Permeable
- permeable to certain molecules but not all
113
Primary Cell Wall
- thin flexible layer of cell
114
Secondary Cell Wall
- thick layer that strengthens and waterproof the wall inside the primary cell wall
115
Stroma
matrix of a cell that support the cell
116
RNA
- carries instructions from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins
117
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
as a cell gets bigger the ratio decreases
118
Vacuole
- cavity in cytoplasm surrounded by membrane and contains fluid, food or waste
119
Vesicle
- contains fluid enclosed by lipid bilayer
| - formed during exocytosis and endocytosis
120
Endocrine System
- glands that work close with autonomic nervous system.
- communicate with body through chemical substance, hormones
- secretes into bloodstream in order to transport
- messages take longer than nervous system
121
Pituitary Gland
- controls secretion of other endocrine glands
122
Hypothalamus
coordinates autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
| - controls temp, thirst, hunger and homeostatic systems
123
Homeostasis
- tendency to regulate internal conditions when dealing with external conditions
- important as cells depend on body environment to live and function
- many processes that cells do depend on homeostasis
124
Hormones
- regulate activity of cells
125
Nervous System - Working
Sensory input - sensory receptors detect
integration - processes and decides what will happen
motor output - response from nervous system, actives certain parts
126
Impulses
electrical - immediate to all cells
| chemical - controlled slow to certain cells
127
phagocytosis
ingestion of solid particles to form internal vesicles
128
Nuclear Envelope
Double lipid layer that surrounds the genetic material isolating it from the rest of cell
129
Carrier Protein
embedded in plasma membrane
| - assist with active and passive transport
130
Cellular differentiation
cell specialisation
| - occurs at end of development pathway
131
Channel Protein
- provides a passage of small polar molecules and ions across the membrane by facilitated diffusion
132
Glycolipid
Lipids with attached carbs, serve as markers for cellular recognition
133
Glycoprotein
proteins with attached carbs, involved in cell to cell interactions
134
ion pump
transmembrane protein that moves ions across membrane against concentration gradient
135
Phospholipid
lipids having both polar and nonpolar region.
| - form lipid bilayer
136
Calvin Cycle
biochemical reactions which occur in chloroplasts where co2 is incorporated into carbs
137
Accessory Pigments
plant pigments that aborb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll doesn't absorb
138
Chemiosmosis
synthesis of ATP is coupled to electron transport and movement of proteins
139
ATP
acts as cell energy carrier
140
electron Transport Chain
chain of enzymes which pass electrons to high to low redox potential.
- energy is released to pump protons across membrane and produce ATP
141
Light dependent phase
phase of photosynthesis
| - uses energy from light to initate photochemical reaction which results in ATP and NADPH
142
Light independent phase
(calvin cycle) in photosynthesis
| - inorganic carbon is incorporated into organic molecules
143
Glycolysis
- happens in cellular respiration
- convert glucose into pyruvate
- energy released produces ATP
- in cytosol
144
H+ acceptor
accept hydrogen ions during chemical reactions
145
NADP
- coenzymes found in cells
| - act as hydrogen acceptor
146
Krebs Cycle
Follows glycolysis
- uses enzymes to turn pyruvate into co2 and water
- in mitochondria
147
Photolysis
splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by light
148
Thylakoid Disc
stacks of membrane compartments in chloroplasts.
| - site of light dependent reaction
149
Respiratory substrate
used in cellular respiration
| - dervives energy through oxidation
150
Autocrine Signalling
signalling involving cell producing and reacting to its signal
151
Enantiostasis
maintainence of physical and metabolic functions in response to changed environment
152
Endocrine signalling
hormone signals released by ductless functions in response to changed environment
153
Negative Feedback
mechanism when receptors and effectors stabilise body systems against fluctations
Slow down effect
154
Paracrine Signalling
chemical messaging
| - on neighbouring cells
155
Positive feedback
feedback in which disturbances to system acts to increase magnitude response. Increases physiological response
156
Thermoregulation
when animals regulate body temp
157
Second messenger
molecule that relays signals from receptors to target molecule
158
Signal transduction
converts mechanical and chemical stimulus to a cell in cellular response
159
Antagonistic Hormone
hormones that act against each other to maintain normal conditions
160
Ecotothermic
Animal dependent on environment for heat
161
Endothermic
animal that is dependent of metabolic activity for heat
162
Mechanoreceptors
sensory receptors sensitive to mechanical energy
163
Chemoreceptors
sensory receptors sensitive to chemical energy
164
Motor neurone
carries impulses away from CNS to effectors
165
Sensory adaption
sensory receptors cease responding to repeated stimulus
166
Sensory neurone
transmits impulses from sensory receptors to other neurones
167
Phytochrome
controls photoperiodic activities
168
Relay neurone
nerve cell in CNS carries impulses from sensory to motor neurones
169
Transport of materials
Cell membrane made of hydrophilic and hydrophobic and protein channels
- allows lipid molecules in but prevents water from entering
- molecules can enter through protein channels, allowing water in as the middle is hydrophilic and attracts water in
170
Immune response
Cell reaction to the presence of foreign substance
171
First line of defence
Outside defence system
| - physical and chemical barriers that are always ready defend the body
172
Second line of defence
Cells tissues and organs that work together to protect the body
173
Third line of defence
- activated by presence of pathogens and foreign substances (antigens)
174
Endocrine system - homeostasis
- releases hormones which maintain the balance of the body
175
Adrenal glands
Controls blood sugar
176
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin
| - tells body it's time to sleep
177
Ovaries and testes
Estrogen and testosterone
| - sex characteristics
178
Endocrine system - homeostasis
- releases hormones which maintain the balance of the body
179
Fermentation
If not oxygen present follows glycolysis
- pyruvate broken down into Latic acid and carbon dioxide
- not energy made
180
Anterior pituritary
Growth hormone
| - stimulates growth and metabolism
181
Posterior pituitary
Anti diuretic hormone
| - promotes retention of water by kidneys
182
Thyroid gland
T4 and t3
| - stimulates metabolism
183
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone
| - raise blood and calcium levels
184
Thymus gland
Thymosin
| - programs t lymphocytes
185
Pancreas
Insulin
| - changes blood glucose
