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Year 10 Science > Term 4- Biology > Flashcards

Term 4- Biology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

recombinant DNA

A

altered DNA

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2
Q

gene splicing

A

tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced by different genes; recombinant DNA is joined to other unrelated DNA in the organism

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3
Q

process of genetic engineering

A

cell nucleus > DNA extraction > select a gene > remove, alter, or rearrange it > return the altered gene

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4
Q

genetic engineering

A

artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms

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5
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organism- an organism generated through genetic engineering (also known as transgenic organism)

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6
Q

transgenic organism

A

another word for GMO- genetically modified organism

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7
Q

when was genetic engineering technology invented?

A

1970’s

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8
Q

four main fields using genetic engineering

A

agriculture/food industry, medicine, research, entertainment

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9
Q

why use GE in agriculture/food industry

A

GM foods- grow higher yields, more resistant to infection/pests, infuse with more nutrients

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10
Q

GE examples in medicine

A

insulin, human growth hormone, treatments for cancer, vaccines, artificial organs, gene therapy

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11
Q

examples of GE in entertainment

A

glowing pets, lavender-coloured carnations, BioArt etc.

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12
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

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13
Q

what DNA base pairs with T?

A

A

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14
Q

what DNA base pairs with G?

A

C

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15
Q

what DNA base pairs with C?

A

G

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16
Q

what DNA base pairs with A?

A

T

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17
Q

male genotype?

A

XY

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18
Q

female genotype?

A

XX

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19
Q

phenotypes

A

observable, physical traits resulting from how your genes are expressed

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20
Q

genotype

A

two letters that represent a gene’s allele pair that is responsible for a trait

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21
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid- genetic info

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22
Q

what shape is DNA

A

coiled double helix

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

long strands of genetic info (molecules of DNA) found in nucleus
come in identical homologous pairs

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24
Q

how many chromosomes in the body

A

23 pairs (46 total)

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25
which chromosomes don't come in pairs?
sex chromosomes
26
genes
shorter sections of DNA that code for specific characteristics or activity; inherited from parents
27
allele
variant forms of genes
28
The (1) contains the (2), which contains the (3). (3) is made of (4).
1. nucleus of every cell 2. chromosomes 3. genes 4. DNA
29
how many types of bases in strands of DNA
4-adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
30
what is the backbone of DNA made of
sugar phosphate
31
types of cell division
mitosis and meiosis
32
stages of mitosis
1. interphase- chromosome make a copy of itself 2. prophase- copies of chromosomes fasten together, nuclear membrane disappears 3. metaphase- chromosomes line up along the center 4. anaphase- chromosomes split and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell 5. telophase- chromosomes become hard to see, cells split and two membranes form (two new identical cells through cytokinesis)
33
stages of meiosis
1. two pairs of chromosomes in a cell 2. chromosomes duplicate 3. homologous chromosomes line up the cell's equator 4. cells split in two producing cells with different chromosomes 5. chromosomes separate again 6. four cells are formed
34
genetics
study of heredity
35
traits
inherited characteristics (from parents)
36
how many pairs of genes does each person have
70,000
37
types of genes
dominant and recessive
38
dominant trait
strongest, masks or covers the recessive trait; trait observed in the first generation where parents have different traits
39
recessive trait
weaker, only expressed without dominant trait being present; trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first
40
where are chromosomes located
the nucleus of a cell
41
genetic code
the means by which DNA carry genetic info in cells
42
base
a unit of DNA
43
protein
compounds made of molecules made of long chains of amino acids, that are in all organisms
44
adenine
one of the bases of DNA, pair with thymine
45
guanine
one of the bases of DNA, pair with cytosine
46
thymine
one of the bases of DNA, pair with adenine
47
cytosine
one of the bases of DNA, pair with guanine
48
sugar phosphate backbone
the structural framework of nucleic acids (including DNA), alternating sugar and phosphate groups
49
sex linked traits
genes that are carried by either sex chromosomes (X or Y)
50
how many genes are known to be X linked in a human
120
51
pedigree
the recorded genetic information of a person's lineage
52
pedigree symbol for male
square
53
pedigree symbol for female
circle
54
pedigree symbol for carrying a trait
shaded shape
55
pedigree symbol for married
horizontal line
56
pedigree symbol for not affected
not shaded shape
57
autosomal dominant
1. can't skip generations 2. unshaded = homozygous recessive 3. shaded = heterozygous or homozygous dominant 4. (need at least one capital letter)
58
autosomal recessive
1. can skip generations 2. shaded = homozygous recessive 3. unshaded with shaded children = heterozygous 4. need 2 recessive alleles
59
X-linked recessive
1. can skip generations 2. males need only one copy of the trait 3. if female has it, all sons will have it 4. if a female has it, her father must have it
60
mutation
a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
61
gametic mutation
occurs in the cells, then the changes in genes can be passed through offspring
62
somatic mutation
caused by environmental factors, chemicals, temperature changes, viruses
63
types of mutation
deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation
64
mutagen
an agent that changes the DNA of an organism, and increases frequency of mutations
65
mitosis
process where nucleus and duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly divided into two daughter nuclei
66
meiosis
cell division that occurs in two stages, resulting in four cells

Year 10 Science (2 decks)

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