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KIN 404 > TERM TEST 2 > Flashcards

TERM TEST 2 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

______ - Laying awake but resting, stress free in the morning after sleep, not digesting food and in the absence of thermoregulatory heat production

A

BMR : Basal metabolic rate

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2
Q

_______ - similar to BMR but not measures in the morning after sleep

A

RMR: resting metabolic rate

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3
Q

_______ - metabolic rate in various conditions that cause the rate to fall below BMR

A

MMR: Minimal metabolic rate

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4
Q

_________ - Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is higher than BMR due to energy requirements of feeding, cold exposure and muscle use

A

FMR: Field metabolic rate

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5
Q

_____ - maximal steady state metabolic rate during hard exercise

A

MaxMR: Maximal Metabolic Rate

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6
Q

What is the major neuroendocrine efferent pathways implicated in body-weight Homeostasis ?

A

SNS; Sympathetic Nervous System

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7
Q

mice over expressing human uncoupling protein-3 in skeletal muscle are

A

hyperphagic & lean

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8
Q

skeletal muscle respiratory uncoupling prevents

A

diet induced obesity + insulin resistance in mice

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9
Q

promoting inefficient metabolism in muscle represent

A

a potential treatment for obesity and its complications

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10
Q

mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are

A

cold sensitive but not obese

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11
Q

UCP-1 is _______ the only system involved in thermogenesis even within BAT

A

not the only system…

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12
Q

for two adults of similar size their TDEE can very by as much as _______ and is determined by what factor?

A

1500 kcal/day

how active their lifetsyle is

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13
Q

what are the major organs that contribute most to whole body BMR

A
  1. liver
  2. gastrointestinal
  3. kidney
  4. lung
  5. heart
  6. brain
  7. skeletal muscle
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14
Q

which major organ that contributes to whole body BMR is most metabolically active in comparison to skeletal muscle

A

liver

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15
Q

protein synthesis contributes to what major organ that contributes to whole body BMR

A

gastrointestinal tract

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16
Q

increased neuron activity with increases ATP release contributes to what major organ that contributes to whole body BMR

A

brain

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17
Q

_______ organ contributes to whole body BMR vi Ca2+ ATPase and Actomyosin ATPase

A

heart

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18
Q

what is the percentage of TEF for TDEE

A

8-12%

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19
Q

what is the percentage of Physical activity for TDEE

both exercise + NEAT

A

15-30%

(it can be >/= 50% in highly active individuals)

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20
Q

what is the percentage of BMR for TDEE

A

60-70%

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21
Q

within BMR’s 60-70% of TDEE what are the names contributing to that %

20% _______
25-35% ______
19-28% ______
13-30% ________
4-8% ______
7-10% ______
3% _______
2-8 % ______

A
  1. mitochondrial leak
  2. protein synthesis
  3. Na+/K+ ATPase
  4. Other; Nucleic Acid synthesis
  5. Ca2+ ATPase
  6. gluconeogenesis
  7. ureagenesis
  8. actomyosin ATPase
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22
Q

the thermic affect of feeding typically stimulates metabolic rate by ~ ___ with a peak stimulation _______ in humans

A

25%

1-2hrs after a meal

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23
Q

explain Obligatory vs Facultative in terms of TEF

A

OBLIGATORY
~35-45%
- metablism of ingested aa in liver for glucose, fat, urea, and protein synthesis

OBLIGATORY
~25-30%
- swallowing, digestion, and absorption of food, enzyme secretion

FACULTATIVE
~30-40%
- SNS activation

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24
Q

_______ directly activates the SNS which _______ metabolic rate and _______ feeding

A

POMC neurons
increase metabolic rate and decrease feeding

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25
what are the two possible roles of the SNS
1. thermogenesis 2. lipolysis
26
explain the overview of control of BAT (brown adipose tissue)
1. PVN activation 2. SNS releases NE 3. beta adrenergic receptor on BAT and increase cAMP 4. cAMP activates PKA 5. PKA activates lipolytic enzymes (Perylipin, HSL) 7. lypolysis which releases FFA fromTG 8. FFA for thermogenesis + activator of UCP-1
27
how critical is UCP-1 without UCP-1 (GMO animals to knockout UCP-1) you would expect?
- lipolysis still present - no increase in O2 consumption - no activation of UCP-1 - low brown adipocytes compared to wild animals
28
how critical is UCP-1 In wild animals what happens
- induces lipolysis - activates UCP-1 - huge increase in O2 consumption - increased brown adipocytes
29
thermogenesis is due to activation of _____ through lipolysis
UCP-1
30
______ Blocks lipolysis
perilipin
31
what are the two pathways of FFA?
1. beta oxidation (crebs cycle) + citric acid cycle 2. binds to UCP1
32
_____ stimulation increases release of FA
adrenergic stimulation
33
regulation of adrenergic stimulation 1. basal: 2. stimulated
1. CGI-58 + PLIN1 are bound together which indicates rest by keeping lipase enzymes inactive 2. CGI-58 + PLIN1 are NOT bound together due to PKA. PKA phosphorylated and activate lipase enzymes causing the release of 3 FA per enzyme
34
thermogenesis in BAT at a given moment is determined by the
the deg of activation (can be alter in seconds)
35
capacity of thermogenesis is determined by the
deg of recruitment of tissue (can alter in days/weeks)
36
mice over expressing UCP-3 are
- hyperphagic - lean (at more, weighed less)
37
mice lacking UCP-1 =
- protected from obesity - not obese - cold sensitive = active BAT
38
mice w/out BAT ______
develop obesity
39
why is UCP-1 not the only system w/ thermogenesis
because mice lacking UCP-1 were not obese rather they were protected from it
40
skeletal muscle respiratory uncoupling prevents
- diet induced obesity - insulin resistance
41
______ = potential treatment for obesity + its complications
promoting inefficient metabolism
42
~_____% = whole body daily expenditure (muscle Ca2+ cycling)
43
what is adaptive thermogenesis
- responds to temp + diet - occurs in BAT mitochondria - variable - reg by brain
44
activation of adaptive thermogenesis in BAT =
more cells more UCP1 larger energy expenditure
45
SARCOLIPIN: - Alabation =
decreased energy required for Ca2+ transport
46
______ trumps beta adrenergic receptor signalling for favoured muscle-based diet induced thermogenesis
sarcolipin
47
SARCOLIPIN: increase heat production via
Ca2+ - ATPase pump
48
______ regulator of muscle based thermogenesis
sarcolipin
49
______ uncpouples hydrolysis of ATP from accumulation of Ca2+ By SERCA pumps
SARCOLIPIN
50
SARCOLIPIN: - inhibits _____ - doesn't affect ____ - Ca2+ uptake _____ as ______ increases
ca2+ transport ATPase activity decreases as sarcolipin
51
what are the 3 characteristics of sarcolipin null mice
increase Ca2+ transport increase muscle relaxation increase Ca2+: ATP ratio (in resting physiological conditions)
52
characteristics of E1 W/ out sarcolipin
- Ca2+ face cytosol - high infinity of Ca2+ - cytosol gate open - lumen gate closed
53
characteristics of E2 w/out sarcolipin
- Ca2+ face lumen - low infinity of Ca2+ - cytosol gate closed - lumen gate open - Ca2+ detaches and enters lumen
54
characteristics of E1 w/ sarcolipin
- needs more Ca2+ cause SLN blocks its binding site
55
characteristics of E2 w/ sarcolipin
- sarcolipin causes slippage - Ca2+ slips off before cytosol gate can close - uncoupling ratio altered - Ca2+ doesnt enter lumen
56
____ decreases efficiency of SERCA
sarcolipin
57
if sarcolipin decreases efficiency of SERCA what does this mean for ATP cost
ATP cost increases to maintain CA2+ homeostasis
58
if sarcolipin decreases efficiency of SERCA why does VO2 not change the SERCA efficiency ?
similar VO2 + BODY WEIGHT found in chow fed (low fat diet) WT + SLN-KO
59
describe everything about SLN-KO mice after consuming a high fat diet and propranolol enhances which *
- increased weight* - increased adiposity - increased obesity (diet)* - > glucose intolerance - decreased food intake - similar activity level - > decreased EE - decreased adaptive thermogenesis - decreased whole body VO2 - better exercise* performance - increased SNS activation - decreased muscle VO2 via Beta blocker
60
how does SLN-KO mice have better exercise performance
decreased VO2= Decreased energy = decreased efficiency = better performance
61
no SLN can result in
increased SNS activity increased resting muscle metabolism
62
_______ = primary + more effective mediator
SLN
63
failure to activate SLN in response to overfeeding may predispose individuals to ?
- metabolic syndrome - T2D - CVD *due to chronic SNS activation*
64
what are some common things found with DHA supplementation
decreased SERCA Ca2+ transport efficiency increased RMR increased energy expenditure
65
_______ -used from combating obesity - increase EE through effects on Ca2+ cycling
DHA
66
_________ directly stimulates EE in skeletal muscle
leptin

KIN 404 (2 decks)

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