terminologies

Question 1

Beliefs

Answer 1

Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

The shared beliefs, practices, and material objects of a group of people

Question 3

Ideal culture

Answer 3

The standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

Question 4

Real culture

Answer 4

The way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

Question 5

Sanctions

Answer 5

Rewards or punishments for accepted behavior; a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

Question 6

Social control

Answer 6

A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

Question 7

Values

Answer 7

A culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

Question 8

Folkways

Answer 8

Direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

Question 9

Formal norms

Answer 9

Established, written rules agreed upon to suit and serve the most people, such as laws and regulations

Question 10

Informal norms

Answer 10

Casual behaviors generally conformed to by society, based on shared values and beliefs

Question 11

Mores

Answer 11

The moral views and principles of a group, often carrying serious consequences if violated

Question 12

Norms

Answer 12

The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

Question 13

Culture shock

Answer 13

Feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety when experiencing a new culture or surroundings

Question 14

Material culture

Answer 14

The physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture

Question 15

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 15

The intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, practices, and values

Question 16

Society

Answer 16

A group of people who live in a definable community and share cultural components

Question 17

Types of Society

Answer 17

Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial societies based on technological advancement

Question 18

Hunter-Gatherer

Answer 18

A society that relies on hunting animals and gathering plants for survival

Question 19

Pastoral

Answer 19

A society that relies on the domestication of animals for food, clothing, and transportation

Question 20

Horticultural

Answer 20

A society based on cultivating plants in small-scale farming

Question 21

Agricultural

Answer 21

A society that uses advanced farming techniques and tools for large-scale food production

Question 22

Feudal

Answer 22

A society structured around land ownership, where peasants work for lords in exchange for protection

Question 23

Industrial society

Answer 23

A society characterized by technological advancements and mass production

Question 24

Postindustrial society

Answer 24

A society based on the production and distribution of information and services

Question 25

Bureaucracy

Answer 25

A formal organization characterized by a hierarchy of authority, explicit rules, and division of labor

Question 26

Social class

Answer 26

A division of society based on power, wealth, and social standing

Question 27

Marxist theory of health

Answer 27

Belief that health and illness are influenced by capitalist social organization

Question 28

Biomedical approach

Answer 28

Combining biology and medicine to understand and treat health issues

Question 29

Capitalism

Answer 29

An economic system where private individuals or businesses own capital goods

Question 30

Communism

Answer 30

A system where land, factories, and wealth are collectively owned

Question 31

Feminism

Answer 31

A movement advocating for equal rights and opportunities across all genders

Question 32

Functionalism

Answer 32

A theory that all aspects of a society serve a purpose for its survival

Question 33

Medicalization

Answer 33

The process in which conditions and behaviors are labeled and treated as medical issues

Question 34

Political economy perspective

Answer 34

Examines how political institutions and economic systems influence each other

Question 35

Social constructionism

Answer 35

A theory that knowledge and societal norms are shaped by cultural and historical contexts

Question 36

Socialists

Answer 36

Advocates for shared ownership of resources and access to basic life necessities for all

Question 37

Primary groups

Answer 37

Small, close-knit groups with enduring relationships

Question 38

Secondary groups

Answer 38

Larger, impersonal groups focused on specific goals or tasks

Question 39

Reference groups

Answer 39

Groups used as a standard for self-evaluation and comparison

Question 40

Dyad

Answer 40

A two-member social group with significant interactions

Question 41

Triad

Answer 41

A three-member social group with increased complexity in relationships

Question 42

Authoritarian leader

Answer 42

A leader who issues orders and assigns tasks with strict control

Question 43

Democratic leader

Answer 43

A leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building

Question 44

Laissez-faire leader

Answer 44

A hands-off leader who allows members to make decisions independently

Question 45

Instrumental leader

Answer 45

A goal-oriented leader focused on accomplishing tasks

Question 46

Expressive leader

Answer 46

A leader concerned with ensuring emotional well-being of the group

Question 47

Iron rule of oligarchy

Answer 47

A theory that organizations are ruled by a few elites rather than collaboration

Question 48

Meritocracy

Answer 48

A system where membership and advancement are based on proven skills and abilities

Question 49

Utilitarian organizations

Answer 49

Organizations that provide financial benefits to members, such as businesses and factories

Question 50

Normative organizations

Answer 50

Organizations joined to pursue shared interests or intangible rewards, such as charities

Question 51

Coercive organizations

Answer 51

Organizations people do not voluntarily join, such as prisons or mental hospitals

Question 52

Explicit rules

Answer 52

Rules in a bureaucracy that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Question 53

Impersonality

Answer 53

The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

Question 54

Social class and health

Answer 54

Social class influences health through environmental, social, and behavioral factors

Question 55

Karl Marx’s view on class

Answer 55

Defines class as a relationship rather than just rank in society

Question 56

Functionalist theory of illness

Answer 56

Views illness as a disruption to societal stability and function

Question 57

Holistic approach

Answer 57

A comprehensive approach considering physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being