Terminology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

the study of disease; connection between normal anatomy and clinical medicine

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

the cause (can be intrinsic or extrinsic)

Question 3

Intrinsic Etiologies

Answer 3

can be primary (genetic) or secondary (due to age, gender, coat color, breed, etc)

Question 4

Extrinsic Etiologies

Answer 4

can be due to inanimate forces (like weather, radiation, trauma) or animate/living agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc)

Question 5

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

how a disease develops

Question 6

Pathogenesis Flow

Answer 6

etiology –> sequence of events –> lesion

Question 7

Lesion

Answer 7

structural (morphologic) alterations in cells or tissues; visual representation of tissue injury and response

Question 8

Pathognomonic Lesion

Answer 8

a lesion, when taken in context with the clinical picture, that is diagnostic for a particular process (very rare; ex: Johne’s disease)

Question 9

Molecular and Non-structural Abnormalities not diagnosable with a lesion

Answer 9

neoplasias, bacterial infections, neuromuscular junction diseases, toxins, arrythmias

Question 10

Is every lesion significant?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

Statistically Significant

Answer 11

probability that study results are due to chance

Question 12

Biological Significance

Answer 12

magnitude of actual treatment effect (difference between intervention and control groups)

Question 13

Incidental Findings

Answer 13

things that could be noted on pathology that is NOT what is causing the clinical problem; commonly found in older animals

Question 14

3 Lesions that could be secondary to Euthanasia

Answer 14

1. Barbituate Salts
2. Splenomegaly (barbituate euthanasia or anesthesia)
3. Cranial hemorrhage (captive bolt)

Question 15

Barbituate Salts

Answer 15

all the little white dots; most commonly seen with IC sticks

Question 16

Rigor mortis

Answer 16

post-mortem rigidity

Question 17

Algor mortis

Answer 17

post-mortem cooling

Question 18

Liver mortis

Answer 18

post-mortem blood pooling

Question 19

Bile imbibtion

Answer 19

postmortem change, green stuff around the bile duct

Question 20

Hemoglobin imbibition

Answer 20

hemoglobin red staining; frequently seen in frozen animals because the RBCs lyse

Question 21

Pseudomelanosis

Answer 21

postmortem change that appears black but its not really melanin (ex, could be from cooked hemoglobin)

Question 22

Melanosis

Answer 22

postmortem black appearance due to melanin being thrown places where it shouldn’t be

Question 23

Postmortem Gas Distension Changes

Answer 23

-emphysema (bubbles in the lung lobes)
-prolapses
-gastric ruptures

Question 24

Three Questions to help determine whether a lesion is Antemortem or Postmortem

Answer 24

1. Is there a tissue reaction? Inflammation, fibrosis, edema, hemorrhage?
2. Does it make sense in context of the case?
3. What is the postmortem interval?

Question 25

Macroscopic Lesions

Answer 25

gross pathology

Question 26

Microscopic Lesions

Answer 26

histopathology

Question 27

Ultrastructure Lesions

Answer 27

these require electron microscopy

Question 28

How do lesions lead to disease?

Answer 28

morphological changes --> functional changes --> disease manifestation (clinical signs and symptoms)

Question 29

Clinical Signs

Answer 29

manifestation of a disease that the physician perceives; OBJECTIVE

Question 30

Examples of Clinical Signs

Answer 30

heart rate, resp rate, temp, blood pressure, heart rate, rash, diarrhea, vomiting

Question 31

Symptoms

Answer 31

manifestation of disease apparent to patient/owner; SUBJECTIVE, vague/non-specific

Question 32

Examples of Symptoms

Answer 32

back pain, fatigue, headache, nausea, anxiety

Question 33

Diagnosis

Answer 33

interpretation of the nature of disease taking into context the lesions and clinical signs

Question 34

Anatomy of the Morphologic Diagnosis

Answer 34

Question 35

Severity

Answer 35

Marked/Severe, Moderate, Mild

Question 36

Duration

Answer 36

Peracute, Acute, Subacute, Chronic

Question 37

Distribution

Answer 37

Focal, Multifocal, Multifocal to Coalescing, Diffuse, Perivascular, Perifollicular

Question 38

Lesion (in context of morphological diagnosis)

Answer 38

edema, hemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, inflammation (-itis), atrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, fibrosis, neoplasia

Question 39

Additional Features

Answer 39

they're the WITH so not really what's causing your disease but a consequence of it

Question 40

Etiologic Diagnosis

Answer 40

less descriptive and focused on the cause/etiology of a lesion in the affected organ/tissue (examples include parvoviral enteritis, coronaviral vasculitis)

Question 41

Disease/Condition

Answer 41

no descriptive component (examples include FIP, hardware disease, toxicosis, etc)

Question 42

Prognosis

Answer 42

estimate of future outcome excellent --> good --> fair --> guarded --> poor/grave