Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

605 Pathology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

where almost all genomic information is stored and compacted
2 layer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heterochromatin

A

inactive form, appears condensed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Euchromatin

A

active form, more spread out/relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A

chromatin, nuclear proteins, RNA, nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What charge does DNA have?

A

negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nucelosome

A

basic structural unit of chromatin; made up of an octomer of histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What charge are histones?

A

negative charge (very basic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Modification of Histone Proteins

A

loosening allows for transcription/replication to occur, whereas tightening will shu that process off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many base pairs are within a nucleosome?

A

146 bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

transcription

A

generation of RNA sequence by RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What three types of RNA are made by transcription?

A
  1. messenger RNA (mRNA); mainly this
  2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that is read to devvelop a particular mRNA encoding a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 Ways Transciption is Regulated

A
  1. Transcription factors
  2. Enhancers
  3. Repressors
  4. Epigenetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Goal of the cell cycle?

A

to ensure appropriate DNA replication and integrity via checkpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are five proteins that regulate the cell cycle?

A
  1. Cyclins
  2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
  3. CDK inhibitors
  4. p53
  5. Rb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle

A
  1. G1 (growth)
    checkpoint
  2. S (synthesis)
  3. G2 (growth and prep to divide)
    checkpoint
  4. M (mitosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most frequently used DNA repair mechanism?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Relationship between Fidelity and DNA Repair

A

High fidelity = better repair (for small things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kinds of things can damage DNA?

A

radiation, anti-tumor drugs, UV rays, free radicals, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nucleolus

A

the site at which rRNA is transcribed and ribosomal sub-units are assembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Relationship between nucleolus size and protein synthesis?

A

larger nucleolus = more protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

rRNA as a Diagnostic Tool

A

sequence the rRNA for fungal and bacterial identification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 Important Locations in the Cell (inside –> outside)

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Structural Components
  4. Plasma Membrane
  5. Cell Signaling Pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ribosomes

A

within the cytoplasm, either free floating or on rough ER; synthesize proteins from mRNA via translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Proteins from free floating ribosomes go where?
cytosol, nucleus, or mitochondria
26
Proteins from Rough ER can go where?
secretion, membrane, ER, Golgi, or lysosomes
27
How many amino acids are there?
20
28
Codon
3 mRNA bases that encodes an AA
29
Where does translation occur?
in ribosomes
30
How can translation be regulated in the ribosomes?
repressors or modification of initiation factors
31
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Modifications
1. Folds proteins into 3D conformations 2. Assembles multi-subunit proteins 3. Forms disulfide bonds 4. Begins glycosylation 5. Adds glycolipid anchors
32
Functions in the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
site of lipid metabolism and membrane lipid synthesis, including cholesterols and steroid hormones
33
Smooth ER in Adrenal Cortical Cells
produces sex hormones derived from cholesterol, often appear foamy on histo
34
Smooth ER in hepatocytes contain what important molecule?
cytochrome p450
35
Cytochrome p450
inacivates a number of drugs by converting them to water-soluble compounds to be excreted in the urine
36
What enzyme do cats not have that limits their ability to breakdown acetaminophen?
glucoronyl transferase [via glucuronidation]
37
Acetaminophen Toxicity in Cats
since it cannot ALL be broken down by sulfation, carried by the blood to liver where cytochrome p450 breaks down acetaminophen which produces toxic NAPQIs and results in hepatocellular necrosis
38
Golgi apparatus
receives proteins from the ER and packages them to go to lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secretion
39
Golgi apparatus and plasma cells
golgi creates a perinuclear clear zone within all the antibody
40
Mott cells
constipated plasma cell, where it makes a lot of Ab but doesn't secrete it
41
Russel bodies
dilations of endoplasmic reticulum full of Ab
42
Lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles with enzymes to degrade stuff, either from endocytosis and/or autophagy, and can also recycle compnents for new enrgy or proteins by transporting back to the Golgi
43
Phagocytosis
mainly done by macropahges and neutrophils, eats and digests stuff
44
Mycobacteria
developed a way to prevent lysosome fusion with the phagosome and therefore avoid the enzymes and don't breakdown
45
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
46
What two processes occur in the mitochondria?
1. Citric acid (Kreb's) Cycle 2. Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
47
Possible compoents of Cytoskeleton
1. Intermediate filaments 2. Microtubules 3. Microfilaments
48
Ways to transport across a cell membrane
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis
49
Intermediate Filaments and Tumor Diagnosis
mesenchymal and epithelial cells will each have a different type of intermediate filament so using different stains can help identify the type of tumor
50
4 Major Groups of Cell-Adhesion Molecules
1. Selectins 2. Integrins 3. Immunoglobulin superfaimly (IgSF) 4. Cadherins
51
Pemphigus
immune-mediated destruction of desmogelin 1 and 3 (cadherin proteins) so epithelial cells can't connect, makes acantholytic cells and huge vesicles in your epithelium
52
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)
normally leukocytes roll, slow down, and gain entry into the tissue via integrins and selectins BUT in LAD integrin B is missing so the cells won't slow down so these animals (dogs/cattle) can't send neutrophils in to kill the bacteria, leading to persistent and recurrent infections
53
Integrin B
also known as CD11/CD18 crucial in tissue infiltration for leukocytes
54
2 Cell Signaling Mechanisms
1. Cell to Cell Contact (gap jxns or membrane bound ligands) 2. Secretion of signaling molecules
55
Ligand
the term for a signaling molecule (gas like NO, complex protein, etc) when interacting with the receptor on the target cell
56
Membrane Proteins
often act as target receptors for cell signaling; includes ligand-gated ion chanels, G protein coupled receptors, enzyme linked receptors, cytokine/chemokine receptors, pattern recognition receptors, and cluster differentiation markers
57
4 Pattern Recognition Receptors
1. Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) 2. Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) 3. C-type leectin receptors (CLR) 4. RIG-1 like receptor (RLR)
58
Largest family of receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors
59
Kinase
putting on or taking offa phosphate group in order to communicate its signal downstream
60
Cluster Differentiation Markers (CDs)
used a lot in flow cytology and immunohistochemistry to identify cell types

605 Pathology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions