Terminology Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
Preservation
A
An action to keep something safe from harm, destruction or decomposition
2
Q
Conservation
A
The process of a careful preservation and protection of something
3
Q
Embalmment
A
The treatment (of a dead body) with special chemicals so as to protect it from decay
4
Q
Anatomical position
A
The description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance
5
Q
Anterior
A
Towards the front
6
Q
Ventral
A
Towards the front
7
Q
Posterior
A
Towards the back
8
Q
Dorsal
A
Towards the back
9
Q
Medial
A
Towards the midline
10
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline
11
Q
Superior
A
Towards the head end
12
Q
Cranial
A
Towards the head end
13
Q
Inferior
A
Away from the head
14
Q
Caudal
A
Away from the head
15
Q
Proximal
A
Near the trunk or point of origin of a part
16
Q
Distal
A
Away from the trunk or point of origin of a part
17
Q
Coronal plane
A
A vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
18
Q
Sagittal plane
A
A vertical plane running from front to back, which divides the body into left and right sides
19
Q
Axial plane (transverse)
A
A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions
20
Q
Median plane
A
A sagittal plane through the midline
21
Q
Contents of the thoracic cavity
A
Heart, lungs, tracheae, oesophagus, large blood vessels and nerves
22
Q
Contents of each portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
A
Abdominal portion: most of the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys and the adrenal glands.
Pelvic portion: most of the urogenital system, and the rectum
23
Q
The dorsal cavity and its contents
A
The dorsal cavity is situated towards the posterior end of the body when in the anatomical position. The upper portion of the dorsal cavity-the cranial cavity- contains the brain, while the lower portion- the vertebral canal- contains the spinal cord.
24
Q
Flexion
A
A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
25
Extension
A movement the increases the angle between two body parts
26
Abduction
A movement away from the midline
27
Adduction
A movement towards the midline
28
Medial rotation
Rotational movement towards the midline
29
Lateral rotation
Rotational movement away from the midline
30
Elevation
Movement in a superior direction
31
Depression
Movement in an inferior direction
32
Supine/ supination
Lying flat on the back
33
Prone/ pronation
Lying flat on the front
34
Cranial
Neck
35
Acromial
At the point of the shoulder
36
Axillary
Armpit
37
Brachial
Arm
38
Antecubital
Forearm
39
Carpal
Wrist
40
Pollex
Thumb
41
Palmar
Palm
42
Digital
Fingers
43
Patellar
Anterior knee
44
Crural
Leg
45
Pedal
Foot
46
Tarsal
Ankle
47
Digital
Toes
48
Frontal
Forehead
49
Orbital
Eye
50
Buccal
Cheek
51
Mental
Chin
52
Sternal
Breastbone
53
Coxal
Hip
54
Inguinal
Groin
55
Femoral
Thigh
56
Fibular/Peroneal
Side of leg
57
Hallux
Great toe
58
Cephalic
Head
59
Manus
Hand
60
Otic
Ear
61
Occipital
Back of head or base of skull
62
Vertebral
Spinal column
63
Scapular
Shoulder blade
64
Dorsum/Dorsal
Back
65
Olecranal
Back of elbow
66
Lumbar
Loin
67
Sacral
Sacrum (between hips)
68
Gluteal
Buttock
69
Perineal
Region between the anus and external genetalia
70
Femoral
Thigh
71
Popliteal
Back of the knee
72
Sural
Calf
73
Calcaneal
Heel
74
Plantar
Sole of the foot
75
Where does the right subclavian artery come to an 'end'?
The right subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the border of the 1st rib.
76
What does the axillary artery become once it leaves the axilla?
The brachial artery in the anterior compartment of the upper arm. Begins at the inferior border of the teres major tendon.
77
What does the brachial artery become once it reaches the cubital fossa?
The brachial artery bifurcates into the radial artery (lateral) and the ulnar artery (medial)
78
What palmar arch does the radial artery mainly form?
The deep palmar arch
79
What palmar arch does the ulnar artery mainly form?
The superficial palmar arch
80
What is the largest blood vessel in the abdomen?
The abdominal aorta
81
What does the abdominal aorta supply?
The abdominal organs, the pelvis and the lower limbs, the undersurface of the diaphragm and parts of the abdominal wall
82
Where does the abdominal aorta begin and end and what does it continue from?
The abdominal aorta begins at the vertebral level T12, continuing from the thoracic aorta. The abdominal aorta ends at L4
83
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
At L4, the abdominal aorta bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries
84
What do the common iliac arteries soon divide into and what do they supply?
The internal iliac artery (which supplies the pelvis) and the external iliac artery (which supplies the lower extremities
85
What do the external iliac arteries become once they leave the pelvic girdle?
The femoral arteries
86
What is the mid-inguinal point and what is its significance?
The mid-point between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis. The femoral pulse can be felt here
87
When the femoral artery enters the popliteal fossa, what does it become?
The popliteal artery, which continues to the distal border of the Popliteus
88
The popliteal artery bifurcates at the distal border of the Popliteus. What does it become?
The popliteal artery bifurcates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
89
What does the posterior tibial artery give off?
The fibular artery
90
What does the anterior tibial artery give off? Where can the pulse of this be felt?
The dorsalis pedis (medial to the tendon of the hallux)
91
Which half of the body does the superior vena cava drain blood from?
The cranial half of the body
92
What 2 veins form the superior vena cava?
The left and right brachiocephalic (or innominate) veins
93
What do the 2 brachiocephalic veins receive blood from?
The upper limbs, the eyes and the neck
94
What are the brachiocephalic veins formed from?
The union of the corresponding internal jugular and subclavian veins, at the level of the sternoclavicular joint
95
What forms the subclavian vein?
The axillary vein
96
What forms the axillary vein?
The basilic (medial) and brachial (intermediate) veins, which run though the upper arm
97
What is the name of the vein that cross from the cephalic to the basilica vein and where does it cross?
The antecubital vein branches from the cephalic vein, runs across the cubital fossa and joins the basilic vein
98
Further proximally up the arm from the cubital fossa, what vein joins the basilic vein?
The brachial vein
99
To what aspect of the hand do the veins of the thumb and fingers pass?
The dorsal aspect of the hand
100
What do the superficial veins draining the dorsal aspect of the forearm unite to form?
The cephalic vein
101
What do the veins draining the flexor aspect of the forearm unite to form?
The basilic vein
102
Where does the great saphenous vein run?
The great saphenous vein runs from the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus, passes up the medial side of the knee and to the top of the thigh
103
What's the name of the opening in the fascia lata, through which the great saphenous vein passes?
The saphenous hiatus
104
What does the great saphenous vein join/become just prior to passing deep to the inguinal ligament?
The femoral vein
105
What does the femoral vein become once it passes under the inguinal ligament (heading towards the heart)?
The external iliac vein
106
The external vein joins the internal iliac vein to form what?
The common iliac vein
107
The right and left common iliac veins join in the midline to form what?
The inferior vena cava
108
What's the name of the vein which runs through the back of the knee?
The popliteal vein
109
What is the source of the small saphenous vein and what does it drain into?
The source of the small saphenous vein is the dorsal venous arch of the foot. It runs up the posterior aspect of the leg and passes between the heads of the gastrocnemius, then drains into the popliteal vein
110
What 3 things run together, encased in fascia, which make up the neurovascular bundle in the neck?
The common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve make up the carotid sheath.
111
What does the common carotid artery run lateral to as it ascends through the neck?
The common carotid artery runs lateral to the thyroid glands, the trachea and the larynx
112
What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?
The external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery
113
What do the branches of the external carotid artery supply?
The skull, the dura and all of the head outside the cranial cavity, apart from the orbit
114
What arteries supply the brain?
The internal carotid artery and the vertebral arteries
115
What does the internal jugular vein receive as it comes past the angle of the mandible?
The common facial vein
116
By what muscle is the internal jugular vein covered?
The sternocleidomastoid
117
What does the superior vena cava bifurcate into?
2 brachiocephalic veins
118
Where is the exterior jugular vein found?
The external jugular vein is formed below the ear and is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, crossing its lateral border and passing behind the clavicle to join the subclavian vein
119
Where does the anterior jugular vein empty into?
The subclavian vein
120
What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?
The tricuspid valve
121
What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?
The mitral (bicuspid) valve
122
What is the name of the valve leaving the right ventricle?
The pulmonary valve
123
What is the name of the valve leaving the left ventricle?
The aortic valve
124
What is the difference between the atrioventricular valves and the pulmonary and aortic valves?
The tricuspid and mitral valves had cordae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when blood is forced through the pulmonary and aortic valves
125
What is S1?
The start of systole, where a 'Lub' sound can be heard, which is the sound of the atrioventricular valves closing
126
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the aortic valve?
The second intercostal space, to the right of the sternal body
127
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the pulmonary valve?
The second intercostal space, to the left of the sternal body
128
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the tricuspid valve?
The fourth intercostal space, to the left of the sternal body
129
Where do you place your stethoscope to hear the closing of the mitral valve?
The fifth intercostal space, in the left midclavicular line
130
What do the cordae tendinae anchor to?
The papillary muscles
131
What is the name of the sac in which the heart is found?
The pericardium
132
What is the name of the condition where there's bleeding into the pericardium?
Cardiac tamponade
133
What are the names of the 2 layers of the pericardium and which is which?
The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer, and the parietal serous pericardium is the inner lining
134
What is the meaning of the term serous?
Serous means that it produces fluid that allows for friction-free movement (of the heart inside the sac)
135
What is the first part of the respiratory tract?
The nasal cavity
136
What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?
The vestibule, the respiratory region and the olfactory region
137
Describe the vestibule
The vestibule is the area surrounding the anterior external opening of the nasal cavity
138
Describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
The respiratory region is lined by a ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium. interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells
139
Describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
The olfactory region is located at the apex of the nasal cavity and is lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors.
140
What are the 3 pairs of conchal bones called?
The inferior conchal, middle conchal and superior conchal bones
141
What are the pathways between the conchal bones called?
The inferior meatus, the middle meatus, the superior meatus and the spheno-ethmoidal recess
142
What is the inferior meatus?
The pathway between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity
143
What is the middle concha?
The pathway between the inferior and middle conchae
144
What is the superior concha?
The pathway between the middle and superior conchae
145
What is the spheno-ethmoidal recess?
The pathway found superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
146
What is the function of the concha?
To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, proving for rapid warming and humidification of inspired air as it moves towards the lungs
147
Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?
The nasal cavity
148
Where do the frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses open into?
They open into the middle meatus
149
What marks the location of this opening into the middle meatus?
The semilunar hiatus
150
What surface do the middle ethmoidal sinuses empty out onto?
The ethmoidal bulla
151
Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open out at?
The level of the superior meatus
152
What’s the name of the only structure not to open out onto the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and where does it drain?
The sphenoid sinus drains onto the posterior roof
153
Where does the pharynx begin and end?
Begins at the base of the skull and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
154
Name the 3 parts of the pharynx
The nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
155
Where's the nasopharynx found?
Between the base of the skull and the soft palate
156
What is the respiratory function of the nasopharynx?
The nasopharynx conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx
157
What lines the inner surface of the nasopharynx?
A ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells which can secrete mucus
158
What tonsils are found in the posterosuperior nasopharynx, and between what ages do they enlarge before regressing?
The adenoid tonsils enlarge between the ages of 3 and 8
159
If pathologically enlarged due to viral infections of the URT, adenoid tonsils can obstruct the opening of which tube?
The Eustachian tube
160
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
The Eustachian tube is responsible for equalising pressure in the middle ear with the outer atmosphere. Chronic obstruction of the Eustachian tube prevents this.
161
Where is the oropharynx located?
Between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis
162
The oropharynx contains the posterior 1/3rd of...
...the tongue
163
What tonsils does the oropharynx contain?
The lingual tonsils (under the tongue) and the palatine tonsils- lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa.
164
What muscle is found in the oropharynx?
The superior constrictor muscle
165
What's Waldeyer's ring?
The ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso- and oropharynx, formed by the paired palatine tonsils, the adenoid tonsils and the lingual tonsils
166
What is the oropharynx involved in? (2 phases)
The oropharynx is involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing.
167
Where's the laryngopharynx located?
Between the superior border of the epiglottis and he inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).
168
What's the laryngopharynx continuous with inferiorly?
The oesophagus
169
What is the laryngopharynx posterior too?
The larynx
170
The laryngopharynx contains 2 constrictors. What are they called?
The middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
171
Where is the larynx located?
The larynx is an organ located in the anterior neck
172
List 3 functions of the larynx
Phonation, the cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract
173
What is the larynx made up of for the most part?
The larynx is mainly cartilaginous, and it's held together by a series of ligaments and membranes
174
Which spinal levels does the larynx span from?
C3 to C6
175
The larynx is suspended from which bone?
The hyoid bone
176
What is the larynx continuous with inferiorly?
The trachea
177
What is posterior to the larynx?
The oesophagus
178
The larynx's internal cavity can be separated into 3 sections. Name them
The supraglottis. the glottis and the subglottis
179
In which of the 3 parts of the larynx are the vocal cords?
The glottis
180
What's the name of the gap between the vocal cords?
Rima glottidis
181
What lines the interior surface of the larynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
182
The true vocal cords are not lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, What are they lined by?
A stratified squamous epithelium
183
What is the condition caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Vocal cord paralysis
184
What make up the tracheobrachial tree?
The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
185
Where does the trachea start and finish?
The trachea starts at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and runs down to the point at which it bifurcates: carina (T4).
186
What does the trachea run anterior to as it descends?
The oesophagus
187
What muscle supports the open ends of the C-shaped cartilage rings that hold open the trachea?
Trachealis
188
What are the trachea and bronchi lined by?
A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells
189
What is the mucociliary escalator?
The combination of the sweeping cilia and the mucus from the goblet cells as a mechanism to trap inhaled particles and pathogens and moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed
190
From what nerve does the trachea receive sensory innervation?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
191
Where does arterial blood supply to the trachea come from?
The tracheal branches of the inferior thyroid artery
192
What 3 veins are responsible for venous drainage of the trachea?
The brachiocephalic vein
The azygous vein
The accessory hemiazygous vein
193
What does each secondary bronchus supply?
A different lobe of the lungs
194
How are the left and right principle bronchi different?
The right bronchus is wider, shorter and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart
195
Why is the difference in the principle bronchi clinically important?
The structure of the right bronchus results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation
196
What's the name for the 'functional unit' of the lung?
Bronchopulmonary segments
197
What do the lobar bronchi bifurcate into?
Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi
198
What component of bronchi and the trachea is different in shape?
Their cartilage
199
What shape is the cartilage in the main bronchi?
Complete circles
200
The segmental bronchi branch further into what structures?
Bronchioles
201
What don’t bronchioles contain?
Bronchioles don’t contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells
202
What are the specialised cells in bronchioles called and what do they produce?
Club cells produce a surfactant lipoprotein which is instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration
203
What do conducting bronchioles end as?
Terminal bronchioles
204
What do terminal bronchioles branch further into?
Respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli extending from their lumens
205
Describe alveoli
Tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls made of simple squamous epithelium. The site of gas exchange in the lungs, providing a large surface area
206
How many alveoli are there roughly in adult lungs
300 million
207
What’s another name for the pituitary gland?
The hypophysis
208
Describe the structure and position of the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure, suspended from the underside of the brain by the pituitary stalk (the infundibulum). It sits in a small depression in the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica.
209
What’s the name of the reflection of the dura mater through which the infundibulum passes?
The diaphragma sellae
210
What is anterior to the pituitary gland?(The gland can be accessed via this structure in surgery)
The sphenoid sinus
211
What 4 things are found posterior to the pituitary gland?
The posterior intercavernous sinus, the dorsum sellae, the basilar artery and the pons
212
What sinus is lateral to the pituitary gland?
The cavernous sinus
213
What are the names of the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?
The anterior lobe is called the adenohypophysis. The posterior lobe is called the neurohypophysis.
214
What are the names of the 3 parts of the anterior lobe?
Pars anterior, Pars intermediate and Pars tuberalis
215
What is pars anterior responsible for?
Pars anterior is responsible for hormone secretion.
216
Via what vessels does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland to control hormone release?
The hypophyseal portal vessels
217
What is the importance of the hypophyseal portal vessels?
These vessels ensure that the hypothalamic hormones remain concentrated, rather than being diluted in the systemic circulation
218
What tissue type does the posterior lobe of the pituitary consist of?
Nervous tissue
219
Upon stimulation, which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
ADH and oxytocin
220
What is the function of ADH?
Regulation of blood osmolarity
221
What is the function of oxytocin?
Parturition and milk secretion
222
How many bones make up the cranium?
There are 8 bones
223
What does the sphenoid bone consist of?
A body, paired greater wings and lesser wings, and 2 pterygoid processes
224
What sinuses does the body of the sphenoid bone contain?
The sphenoid sinuses
225
With what bone does the sphenoid bone articulate with anteriorly and where do the sphenoid sinuses open up into ?
The sphenoid body articulates anteriorly with the ethmoid bone. Here, the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity
226
What structure is found on the superior surface of the sphenoid body?
The sella turcica, where the pituitary gland sits
227
What is the schismatic groove in the superior surface of the sphenoid body?
A sulcus formed by the optic chiasm (where the optic nerves partially cross).
228
In what direction do the greater wings extend from the sphenoid body?
A lateral, superior and posterior direction.
229
What 3 parts of the facial skeleton do the greater wings of the sphenoid bone contribute to?
The floor of the middle cranial fossa.
The lateral wall of the skull.
The posterolateral wall of the orbit.
230
What are the names of the 3 foramina present on each of the greater wings?
The foramen rotundum, foramen vale and foramen spinosum.
231
In what direction do the lesser wings arise from the sphenoid body?
A superolateral direction
232
What border of the optic canal does each lesser wing form?
The lateral border of the optic canal
233
The pterygoid processes descend inferiorly from what point of the sphenoid bone?
The pterygoid process descends inferiorly from the points of junction between the sphenoid body and the greater wings
234
What are the names of the 2 parts of the pterygoid processes?
The medial pterygoid plate and the lateral pterygoid plate
235
Where and at what spinal level does the hyoid bone lie?
The hyoid bone lies at ~C3, at the base of the mandible in the anterior neck
236
What is the hyoid bone composed of?
A body, 2 greater horns and 2 lesser horns
237
From what chamber of the heart does the aorta emerge?
The left ventricle
238
What three arteries. branch off the aortic arch?
First branch- brachiocephalic artery.
Second branch- Left common carotid artery
Third branch- Left subclavian artery
239
What does the brachiocephalic artery bifurcate into?
The right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery
