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Terminology (Lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) effect

A

Causes Gallbladder and Pancreas to contract and release enzymes + bile

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2
Q

Secretin Effect

A

Causes gastric acid secretion

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3
Q

Mixed Micelles

A

Amphipathic - hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside

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4
Q

Brush Border Membrane

A

In Enterocytes

Primary site of lipid absorption

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5
Q

In what organelle are broken down lipids resynthesized?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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6
Q

Chylomicrons are surrounded by

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Unsterified Cholesterol
  3. Apolipoprotein
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7
Q

How do lipids enter the bloodstream?

A

Chylomicrons exocytized from enterocytes into the lacteals (lymph vessels) and then enter bloodstream

too large to enter bloodstream from any source other than the lymph

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8
Q

What tissues absorb chylomicrons from blood?

A

Fat and Muscle cells

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9
Q

Glycerol use

A

—> G3P in the Liver for glycolysis or Gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

Main Fatty Acid Esters

A

Triacylglycerol
Cholesterol Esters
Phospholipids

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11
Q

Location of unsterified (free) FA’s

A

Transported in circulation with albumin protein

“Listening to albums feeling free, driving in circles”

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12
Q

Fatty Acid chain lengths

A

12 to 20

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13
Q

Main Fatty Acid components

A

Carboxylic acid on one end (monocarboxylic acid)

No Double bonds (saturated)

Double bonds (unsaturated)

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14
Q

Why are unsaturated FA’s liquid at RT?

A

Contain cis double bonds which lengthen structure and lower bp

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15
Q

How far are double bonds spaced?

A

If more than one, they are spaced every 3 carbons

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16
Q

20:4 (5,8,11,14)

A

20 Carbons long
4 double bonds (5–6, 8-9, 11-12, 14-15)

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17
Q

Omega Terminology for Linoleic Acid 18:3 (9,12,15)

A

18:3w-3

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18
Q

Alpha-Linolenic Acid Derivatives

A

Omega-3 FA’s

3 parts to name

Essential

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19
Q

Linoleic Acid derivatives

A

Omega-6 FA’s

Essential

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20
Q

How are excess proteins + carbs stored?

A

Triacylglycerols

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21
Q

FA Synthesis locations

A
  1. Mostly liver
  2. Lactating mammary glands
  3. Adipose tissue
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22
Q

FA Synthesis Step 1

A

Acetyl-CoA converted into citrate, transported to cytosol and reconverted

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23
Q

FA Synthesis step 2

A

A) Acetyl-CoA —> Acetyl-ACP

B) Acetyl-CoA —> Malonyl-CoA

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24
Q

FA Synthesis Step 3

A

A) Acetyl-ACP —> Acetyl-Synthase

B) Malonyl-CoA —> Malonyl-ACP

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25
FA Step 4
Acetyl-Synthase and Malonyl-ACP combine, undergoing energy consuming reactions to form Palmitate uses Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
26
FA Synthesis Cont.
End product Palmitate can be added to, 2 carbons at once in the smooth ER Uses NADPH
27
Desaturation of FA’s
In the Smooth ER Cis double bonds inserted by Desaturases Can only introduce between carbons 9 and 10 (no further)
28
Storage of FA’s
(1-3) FA’s esterified to a molecule of glycerol… = Monoglycerol, Diglycerol, and Triglycerol 1. Usually Saturated 2. Usually Unsaturated 3. Either Form anhydrous droplets in adipocytes
29
Cystolic Lipid Droplets (made of TAG’s)
Major energy reserve of the body
30
Activation of FA’s
Fatty acyl-CoA synthetases (thiokinases) attach CoA to activate
31
Alternate storage of FA’s
Little TAG’s stored in liver and exported as VLDL
32
Beta Oxidation
2-C fragments removed from carboxyl end of activated FA’s Produces acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2
33
Beta Oxidation Location
Mitochondria
34
Carnitine Shuttle
How Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA’s) get to mitochondria for Beta Oxidation
35
Even FA beta oxidation end products
Fatty acyl CoA and Acetyl CoA NADH and FADH2
36
Odd FA Beta Oxidation
Final 3-C molecule Propionyl CoA metabolized to Succinyl CoA —> Krebs Cycle
37
Acetyl-CoA from Beta-Oxidation
Converted by liver mitochondria into Ketone bodies
38
Ketone bodies
Acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone
39
Ketoacidosis symptom
Fruity breath from acetone
40
Sphingomyelin
Only major Sphingophospholipid in humans Myelin nerve fibers Major structural component in membranes
41
Phospholipid Synthesis Location
Occurs in Smooth ER Then transported to Golgi, organelle membranes, plasma membranes, or exocytized
42
Most Abundant Phospholipids
Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine
43
Glycolipids
Carb and lipid components Derived from ceramides Essential membrane component and nerve tissue component Carbohydrate portion is ANTIGENIC
44
Cerebrosides
Neutral Glycosphingolipids Ceramide with glucose or galactose
45
Acidic glycosphingolipids
Negative charge from NANA acid - gangliosides Sulfate groups - sulfatides
46
Glycosyl Transferases + UDP sugar donors
Transfer glycosyl monomers Make glycosphingolipids in Golgi
47
Glycosphingolipid production site
Golgi Apparatus
48
Eicosanoids stem from..
20+C polyunsaturated fats
49
Collective name for Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes
Eicosanoids
50
Eicosanoids function
Inflammatory Response Hypersensitivity to pathogens
51
Precursor of prostaglandins and thromboxane
Linoleic acid (Omega-6)
52
Eicosanoids include
1. Leukotrienes 2. Prostaglandins 3. Thromboxanes
53
Cholesterol functions
1. Modulate membrane fluidity 2. Precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D
54
What organ regulates cholesterol?
Liver
55
Cholesterol enters the liver as…
1. Dietary cholesterol 2. Self-made cholesterol 3. From extrahepatic tissues
56
Cholesterol leaves the liver…
1. As unmodified cholesterol in bile 2. As bile salts secreted into the intestinal lumen 3. As VLDL
57
Sterols
8-10 C steroids Branched at C17
58
Cholesterol Synthesis pt. 1
Acetyl-CoA to HMG CoA
59
Cholesterol Synthesis pt. 2
HMG-CoA to Squalene
60
Cholesterol Synthesis pt. 3
Squalene to Cholesterol
61
Ring structure of Cholesterol
Can’t be metabolized to CO2 and H2O
62
How is cholesterol eliminated?
As bile
63
Rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis
Cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase
64
Before bile acids leave the liver
Conjugated to glycine or taurine
65
Bile contains
1. Bile Salts 2. Cholesterol 3. Phospholipids 4. Bile Pigments
66
Yellow-green Bile
Produced by hepatocytes Stored in the gall bladder
67
Chylomicrons
Assembled in intestine Transport lipids to peripheral tissues
68
VLDL
Produced in liver Transports lipids to peripheral tissues Become LDLs when depleted
69
LDL
Transport “bad cholesterol” to tissues
70
HDL
Brings cholesterol from tissues back to liver “Good cholesterol”
71
Cholecystokinin
Cause contraction and enzyme release in pancreas + gallbladder
72
Secretin
Causes enzyme release in pancreas
73
Lipoprotein Lipase
Breaks down TAGs in bloodstream so they can cross into tissues
74
Palmitic Acid
16 Carbons (max for fatty acid synthase) Terminal FA in FA synthesis

Biochem (10 decks)

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