Terms 1-160 Flashcards
All Terms (160 cards)
1
Q
MA 2 bodied government
A
General Court
2
Q
Governor under MA Bay Company; New England colony; Puritan utopia, “City upon a hill;” disliked social class jealousy
A
John Winthrop
3
Q
American colonies by Charles II after Restoration; the Carolinas, NJ, NY, PA; came from territory of European rivals
A
Restoration Colonies
4
Q
NY rebellion after Glorious Revolution; overtook main fort May 31, 1689; Captain Jacob Leisler led rebellion and then governed NY; British troops in 1691 and rich colonists jailed Leisler
A
Leisler’s Rebellion
5
Q
Sanctuary in Pennsylvania by William Penn; “Society of Friends,” Holy Spirit, advocate for peace, against warfare; Protestant Christianity
A
Quakers
6
Q
Acts by Britain for mercantilism in colonies; only British-owned ships, need to pass commerce thru Britain, reward foreign goods production; restrictions disliked by colonists
A
Navigation Acts
7
Q
Compromise between New England protestant church elders and 2nd gen; maintain Puritan influence w/ church membership; 3rd generation could be baptized w/ baptized parents (saints or not) and then become saints; represented transition from religious to capitalistic values
A
Half-Way Covenant
8
Q
Supercolony by James II; MA, NH, CT, RI, Plymouth (1686), the Jerseys and NY (1688); New England colonies
A
Dominion of New England
9
Q
Virginia facing tobacco depression, poor whites economically struggling, Governor Berkley excluding some rich whites from his inner circle; Governor and inner circle trade relations w/ Natives; people mad at Governor for not allowing colonists to drive out Natives.
Bacon led 300 colonists and killed peaceful Natives in April 1676, and forced governor to flee
A
Bacon’s Rebellion
10
Q
New science-based faith; flourished in cities and educational groups formed like Royal Society in London; optimistic and rational progress in medicine, law, psychology, and government; Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, Newton
A
The Enlightenment
11
Q
Signed September 3, 1783 by American colonies and Great Britain; ending the American Revolution and formally recognized U.S. as independent nation
A
Treaty of Paris of 1783
12
Q
7 articles that were the 1st constitution of the U.S.; adopted by Continental Congress in November 1777 and officially ratified in March 1781; 13 sovereign states under a confederation
A
Articles of Confederation
13
Q
Plan by Continental Army officers at end of Revolutionary War to challenge authority of Confederation Congress since Congress didn’t meet financial obligations to the military
A
Newburgh Conspiracy
14
Q
A violent insurrection in MA countryside in 1786-87 because of monetary debt crisis at end of American Revolutionary War; exposed flaws of Articles of Confederation and lack of central power to tax
A
Shays’ Rebellion
15
Q
In Philadelphia May-September 1787 addressing problems of weak central government under Articles of Confederation; 55 delegates focused on representation, state vs federal powers, executive power, slavery and commerce
A
Constitutional Convention
16
Q
Collection of 85 articles and essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay promoting ratification of the Constitution of the U.S.
A
Federalist Papers
17
Q
Opposed the ratification of 1787 U.S. Constitution because they feared the new national government was too powerful and would threaten individual liberties; wanted more decentralized form of government, greater protection of individual rights and more representation for states
A
Anti-federalists
18
Q
The first 10 amendments made in 1789 by James Madison to the 1787 U.S. Constitution; limits government power and protects Americans’ civil rights and liberties to the individual
A
Bill of Rights
19
Q
Established the federal court system separate from individual state courts; one of the first acts by First Congress and President George Washington signed it into law in September 1789
A
Judiciary Act of 1789
20
Q
Land agreement in 1787 for the Northwest Territory, expanded U.S. to the Great Lakes, told territories how to become states and how to join the Union, and prohibited slavery in the new territories
A
Northwest Ordinance
21
Q
Religious revival in English colonies in 1730s-1740s; challenged the Enlightenment; “Old vs New Lights”; New colleges built due to religious rivalry (Princeton, Columbia); Women and POC finally included in religious conversation
A
The Great Awakening
22
Q
Aka Albany Convention of 1754 in Albany, New York; representatives of the 7 British colonies: CT, MD, MA, NH, NY, PA, RI; created first unified colonial government but failed
A
Albany Congress
23
Q
Part of Seven Years’ War; France vs Great Britain for control North America colonial territory; Natives sided with British in hopes of getting the European powers to drive each other out of Native land; Britain won and tensions between British and Natives returned
May 28, 1754 - Feb 10, 1763
A
French and Indian War
24
Q
In 1760, royal governor of MA gave a document authorizing revenue officers to seize illegally imported goods; basically a search warrant that didn’t need evidence; James Otis challenged the act but failed, many colonists believed Parliament shouldn’t violate the Constitution
A
Writs of Assistance
25
British government taxation on required watermark for papers, documents, playing cards, etc; direct internal taxation without colonial legislatures' approval and resulted in colonists boycotting British goods; The Sons of Liberty formed following the institution of this act
Stamp Act
26
Revenue Act of 1767 that taxed glass, paint, lead, paper and tea imported from England to colonies; moderate rates for treasury to collect money (which colonists didn't like); Act paid royal governors' salaries so they wouldn't be bound by their colonists (stripped "power of the purse")
Townshend Act
27
Removed import taxation on tea and allowed the British East India Tea Company to sell directly to consumers; lowered tea price dramatically below smuggled tea price, but colonists offended; led to the Boston Tea Party
Tea Act
28
Published by Thomas Paine in January 1776; “monarchy based on superstition, dangerous to liberty, and not American” and “America didn't economically need Britain”; America would be a new kind of nation + American nationalism; sold 100,000+ copies in English and German; removed last psychological loyalty to Britain
“Common Sense”
29
Convened in Philadelphia in May 1775; Composed the "Olive Branch Petition" which politely asked for cease fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, and American rights; Established a Continental army and elected George Washington as Commander-in-Chief
Second Continental Congress
30
Turning point in Revolutionary War; Americans defeated British army, increasing morale and secured French support
Sep 19 - Oct 7, 1777 in New York
Saratoga
31
Established the new nation’s naturalization procedures; limited access to the U.S. citizenship to white immigrants who had resided in the U.S. at least 2 years and their children under 21 years of age
Federal Naturalization Law of 1790
32
The report analyzed the financial standing of the U.S. and made recommendations to reorganize the national debt and establish public credit; Hamilton recommended tariffs on foreign goods, prohibition on manufacturing imports, bounties for specific American industries, stimulation of inventions, governmental inspection of manufacturing goods, and a transportation system for raw materials and finished goods
Hamilton’s Reports
33
The Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Britain and America; was to relieve post-Revolutionary war tension; unpopular with American public
November 19, 1794
Jay’s Treaty
34
Aka Treaty of San Lorenzo; resolved territorial disputes between Spanish Florida and the U.S. and defined border; guaranteed U.S. navigation rights on Mississippi River
Signed on October 27, 1795
Pinckney treaty
35
Violent tax protest in U.S. from 1791-1794 during George Washington presidency; in response to “whiskey tax” which was first tax on a domestic product by new federal gov
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
36
A diplomatic incident between French and U.S. diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War during the presidency of John Adams. 3 American diplomats sent to Paris were offered a bribe by 3 French secret agents
XYZ Affair
37
Thomas Jefferson vs Aaron Burr; tied in Electoral College vote; constitutional change of the twelfth amendment requiring separate electoral votes for president and vp; smooth transfer of power between Adams and Jefferson
Election of 1800
38
4 laws passed in 1798 in anticipation of war with France; tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and immigration, raised residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years; limited speech critical of government
Alien and Sedition Acts
39
Political statements drafted in 1798 and 99 in which 2 state legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
40
Supreme Court case in 1803; first time ever SC struck down an act of Congress as unconstitutional; Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review (“checks and balances”) and strengthened the federal judiciary branch
Marbury vs. Madison
41
Acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the U.S. from the French in 1803; land near the Mississippi River’s drainage basin west of the river; doubled size of the country
Louisiana Purchase
42
Aka Corps of Discovery Expedition; US expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase (1804-1806)
Lewis and Clark Expedition
43
1795 - Land fraud scheme by which Georgia legislators were bribed to sell most of the land now making up Mississippi state and Georgia’s western claims to four land companies for $500,000; land would become Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee; public outrage and led to Supreme Court ruling the state law unconstitutional
Yazoo Claims
44
June 22, 1807 - Affair of naval engagement off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia; Americans angry over British policy of impressment forcing British naval service; British crewmen of Leopard boarded Chesapeake American ship to look for deserters from Royal Navy; Leopard fired on Chesapeake but U.S. expelled all British ships until British apologized
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
45
President Thomas Jefferson placed an embargo to limit American trade in response to Napoleonic Wars in Europe and British impressment
Embargo of 1807
46
Shawnee chief and warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of U.S. onto Native lands; persuasive public speaker, traveled widely and formed a Native American confederacy and promoted intertribal unity
Tecumseh
47
Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between US and UK; signed in 1814 in Ghent, United Netherlands and took effect in 1815
Treaty of Ghent
48
The policy promoting industry in the U.S. by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by the federal government; an economic plan advocated by Henry Clay from 1816 to 1828 to become self-sufficient economy and increase national market growth
“American System”
49
Series of meetings from December 1814 to January 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut where New England Federalists debated secession but then drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias
Hartford Convention
50
An agreement between the U.S. and Great Britain to eliminate their fleets from the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain except small patrol vessels; this limited naval armaments after the War of 1812 and was a significant achievement in American diplomacy and reducing tensions with Britain
Rush-Bagot Treaty
51
A series of two wars fought by the U.S. against the Barbary States in North Africa. U.S. refused to pay tribute to piratical rulers of Tripoli who continued to seize American merchant ships, and this led to blockade warfare in the Mediterranean. U.S. won and Tripoli peace treaty was signed.
Barbary Wars
52
Aka Transcontinental Treaty signed 1819 by U.S. and Spain; Spain ceded East and West Florida to U.S.; Sabine River border between U.S. and Mexico/New Spain; Spain still owned Texas
Adams-Onis Treaty
53
Foreign policy position of the U.S. that opposes European colonialism and imperialism in the Western Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine
54
First widespread and durable financial crisis in U.S. that slowed westward expansion in Cotton Belt; growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 stopped and unemployment skyrocketed, banks failed, mortgages foreclosed, and investment in western lands collapsed.
Panic of 1819
55
Supreme Court ruling that let Dartmouth remain a private institution and not a state university; confirmed the Contracts Clause of the Constitution that prohibits states from impairing a contract or private corporations; court ruled that the charter was a contract and protected by constitution
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
56
Supreme Court ruling decided that the Second Bank of the U.S. couldn’t be taxed by the state of Maryland; defined Congress’ legislative power and how state legislatures couldn’t tax the federal government
McCulloch v. Maryland
57
Supreme Court case 1824 that famously granted Congress the power to “regulate interstate commerce” and federal law takes precedence over state laws, also encompasses the power to regulate navigation
Gibbons v. Ogden
58
Federal law passed in 1820 to address the issue of slavery in new states and maintain balance of power between free (Northern) and slave (Southern) states; admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; drew 36th parallel where slavery prohibited north of the line
Missouri Compromise
59
Cultivation of cotton; cotton was dominant cash crop of the South and supplied it to the North; Cotton culture expanded westward due to increase in demand and poor farming methods ruined the soil and forced farmers to move to new land
The Cotton Culture
60
An early English-American industrialist known as the “father of the American Industrial Revolution;” created the first water-powered cotton mill which revolutionized the textile industry and important for Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
61
A labor and production model used in textile industry during Industrial Revolution; complete control and production of all aspects of creating cloth
Lowell System
62
Protestant religious revival with increase in church membership; Questioning of higher ranking people; universal salvation and religious free will; introduced abolition, feminism, and temperance
Second Great Awakening
63
John Quincy Adams won election of 1824 despite Andrew Jackson having more electoral and popular votes (plurality but not majority); Henry Clay inaugurated as Secretary of State by Quincy; Jackson claimed deal to be fraudulent
Corrupt Bargain
64
A very high protective tariff passed by Congress in 1828 to increase the cost of imported goods and protect American industries; support industrialization and manufacturers but pissed off the South
Tariff of Abominations
65
An informal group of close advisors to a president outside official cabinet; Jackson’s friends would meet in the White House kitchen hence the nickname
Kitchen Cabinet
66
President Jackson vetoed a bill that would allow federal government to purchase stock in a private road company; showed his commitment to limit government engagement in economic affairs
May 27, 1830
Maysville Road
67
Supreme Court case that ruled that states didn’t have right to regulate Native American land; Georgia’s extension laws were unconstitutional and violated previous treaties
Worcester v. Georgia
68
Debate between Whig Senator of MA and Democrat Senator of SC; started out as disagreement over sale of Western lands; showed the different understandings of the nature of the Union between the North and South in 1830; Webster argued Union was to promote the good of the whole and Hayne argued Union was created to promote the independent states’ interests
The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
69
Law passed in 1833 that allowed president to use military force against states that refused to comply with federal tariffs and tax laws; in response to South Carolina’s threat to nullify the Tariff Acts of 1828 and 1832
Force Bill
70
An American financier who served as third and last president of the Second Bank of the U.S.; made it the first effective central bank in U.S. history; enemies with Jackson who later eliminated the Second Bank of the U.S.
Nicholas Biddle
71
An executive order issued by President Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver
Specie Circular
72
A book by __ examining the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years and the promise and perils of the idea of equality; he noted that Americans loved equality despite material inequalities
Tocqueville's Democracy in America
73
A Boston-based newspaper company that began publication on January 1, 1831 and quickly gained notoriety for its strong anti-slavery stance; attacked slavery and supporters, inspired action, and promoted equal rights for all
The Liberator
74
An American reformer of education often called the “Father of the Common School Movement;” movement devoted to creating more equitable public school system with quality teachers and a nonsectarian approach to education
Horace Mann
75
A series of graded primers for grade levels 1-6; widely used as textbooks in American schools in mid-19th century to early 20th century during the common-school movement when America was also expanding West and newly arrived immigrants assimilated
McGuffey Readers
76
“The concept of American exceptionalism and belief that America occupies a special place among the countries of the world;” American settlers were destined by God to expand westward across North America
Manifest Destiny
77
An unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the U.S. Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in Mexican-American War; debate over the proposal exacerbated North and South tensions over slavery
Wilmot Proviso
78
A series of measures proposed by U.S. Senator Henry Clay and passed by Congress to settle several issues connected to slavery and avert the threat of dissolution of the Union; Also 1) Admitted California as free state, 2) Mexican cession divided into New Mexico and Utah without mention of slavery, 3) part of Texas paid to go to New Mexico, 4) the Fugitive Slave Act
Compromise of 1850
79
A political party in U.S. from 1848-54; eventually merged into Republican party; pre-Civil War party focused on opposing expansion of slavery into western territories
Free Soil Party
80
A U.S. Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars including War of 1812 and Mexican-American War; Led 4 ships in Perry Expedition to end Japan isolationism and re-establish regular trade and discourse between Japan and western world
Commodore Matthew Perry
81
Speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson at the First Parish in Cambridge to Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College; Emerson calls for an American scholar who’s independent and self-reliant and can lead the country in a new direction
“The American Scholar”
82
Aka the Declaration of Sentiments is a document signed in 1848 outlining the the grievances of women’s rights, women’s suffrage, and restrictions from marriage
Seneca Falls Declaration
83
Mid 19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters who celebrated nature above all man-made things and sought to recreate the majesty of the natural world and inspire admiration for its beauty
Hudson River School
84
Aka blackface minstrelsy was an American form of theater developed in early 19th century that performed on Broadway; first distinctly American form of popular culture that was founded on the comic enactment of racial stereotypes created by Thomas Dartmouth Rice aka “Jim Crow”
Minstrel Shows
85
Aka Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe; criticized by whites who thought Stowe’s portrayal of black characters was too positive and South felt attacked by the book’s dehumanizing portrayal of slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
86
Act that repealed the Missouri Compromise, created 2 new territories Kansas and Nebraska, and allowed for popular sovereignty; led to “Bleeding Kansas” where activists fought over and rushed into territories to allow slavery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
87
1854-59; mini civil war between pro- and anti- slavery advocates for control of new territory of Kansas; period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerilla warfare that led to the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas
88
Supreme Court Case of Dred Scott v. Sandford; ruling upheld slavery in U.S. territories, denied legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional
Dred-Scott Decision
89
Non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers; “self-working farmer” who owns and cultivates a small farm
Yeoman farmers
90
North Carolinian who was a writer, abolitionist, and white supremacist; Wrote book “The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet it” where he attacked slavery because it victimized nonslaveholding whites and was incompatible with economic progress as seen by the North’s progression vs South slow evolution
Hinton R. Helper
91
A former U.S. political party in the 1850s in the North which opposed immigration and Roman Catholic influence; immigrant Germans in the Midwest and Irish in the East seemed to pose a threat to the economic and political security of native-born Protestant Americans
Know Nothing Party
92
Communication from 3 U.S. diplomats to Secretary of State William L. Marcy, advocating U.S. seizure of Cuba from Spain; high point of U.S. expansionist drive in the Caribbean
Ostend Manifesto
93
Position stated by Democratic U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas at the 2nd of the Lincoln-Douglas debates that settlers in a U.S. territory could circumvent the U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred-Scott decision simply by not providing police enforcement of the rights of slave owners to their slaves or if officials didn’t pass laws protecting enslavement
Freeport Doctrine
94
A militant American abolitionist who believed slavery was a sin against God and became a martyr to the antislavery movement after his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA
John Brown
95
The first of the two engagements fought at a small stream named Bull Run near Manassas in northern Virginia, which was an important railroad junction
First Battle of Bull Run
96
Law signed by Abraham Lincoln to help develop the American West by providing 160 acres of federal land to those who agreed to live and cultivate or improve their plot of land; gave African Americans opportunity to own land
Homestead Act
97
Phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors prior to the American Civil War indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production
“King Cotton”
98
A decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, which would threaten Washington, D.C. The battle was next to the Antietam Creek. The South hoped to detach Maryland (a slave state that rejected secession). The battle ended the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia’s first invasion into the North and led Abraham Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Antietam
99
President Lincoln introduced his first plan for Reconstruction with this document. It also offered a full pardon to those individuals that took an oath of loyalty and accepted the abolition of slavery. Aka the 10 Percent Plan because it allowed Southern states reconstruction once 10 percent of citizens in the state agreed to swear an oath to the union and agree to abolish slavery.
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
100
An unsuccessful bill by Radical Republicans trying to guarantee to certain States whose governments have been usurped or overthrown a republican form of government with military governors proposed for the Reconstruction of the South; when majority of the state’s white citizens swore allegiance to the Union, a constitutional convention would be called to abolish slavery and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office; President Abraham Lincoln vetoed the bill and this marked the struggle of Reconstruction
Wade-Davis Bill
101
Speech delivered November 1863 at Gettysburg battle field that referenced Declaration of Independence; Lincoln’s message that the best way to honor the +50,000 men who died in the Battle of Gettysburg is to keep fighting and win this war to reunite the Union
Gettysburg Address
102
An incident in which Charlies Wilkes’ Union ship north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe; Great Britain accused the U.S. of violating British neutrality and this created a diplomatic crisis between the two during the Civil War
Trent Affair
103
Congress overrode President Johnson’s veto and the first Reconstruction act became law; divided South into 5 military districts governed by previous Union generals, required the 13th and 14th amendments ratified in the states in order to reenter, and excluded former government officials who had aided the Confederacy
Military Reconstruction Act
104
A federal agency established in 1865 to assist newly freed slaves; provided assistance with clothes, food and healthcare to tens of thousands of formerly enslaved people, impoverished whites in the Southern states, and D.C. in post-war time; helped black people establish schools, purchase land, locate family members and legalized marriages
Freedmen’s Bureau
105
Law forbidding the president to remove civil officers without consent from Senate; passed over Pres. Johnson’s veto by radical republicans in Congress wanting to control Reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act
106
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;” it also granted citizenship and equal civil rights to anyone born in the U.S. or who became a citizen, which included black people
14th Amendment
107
S.C. Decision that held that the creation of a Louisiana meat company monopoly didn’t violate the 13th and 14th amendments; upheld the constitutionality of Louisiana’s use of its police powers to regulate butchers; constitution only protects the legal rights that are associated with federal U.S. citizenship and not state citizenship
Slaughterhouse Decisions
108
Aka Wormley Agreement/Corrupt Bargain, was an unwritten political deal in the U.S. to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election; Rutherford B. Hayes was given presidency in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, resulting in the end of Reconstruction in the South
Compromise of 1877
109
Aka the Society of St. Tammany, became main local political organization of the Democratic Party and majorly influenced NY city and state politics; helped and drew support from immigrants
Tammany Hall
110
A phony construction company set up to build the Union Pacific Railroad; was financed with fraudulent bonds and used stocks to bribe government officials to keep the scandal from going public; built the railroad with inflated wages
Credit Mobilier Scandal
111
They thought that the Grant administration and the President personally were corrupt and inefficient; split up Republican party to undermine support for the southern policies; won support of Democratic Party by claiming Reconstruction should be over; believed that the Southern representatives were corrupt and that the “best men” for office were ex-Confederate officers who were barred from federal offices
Liberal Republicans
112
They were a faction of the Republican Party that existed briefly during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age during 1870-80s; opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford Hayes and wanted Grant to have a 3rd term; Leaders included Roscoe Conkling and Chester Arthur
Stalwarts
113
Landmark U.S. legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system). Widespread public demand for civil service reform went up after President Garfield was assassinated and in 1833 Congress passed act that guaranteed the rights of all citizens to compete for federal jobs without preferential treatment given based on politics, race, religion or origin.
Pendelton Civil Service Act
114
Was a propaganda term developed by boosters who wanted to insist that the South had put the old days of slavery behind it, that racial harmony was reigning; rapid and far-reaching environmental, economic, and social transformation with industrialization and urbanization and rail networks
New South
115
The belief that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of fittest;” the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better; used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality
Social Darwinism
116
The company controls the majority of one stage of the production of a good. Occurs when a company acquires or merges with another company in the same industry that is operating at the same level in the value chain; allowed companies to make more profit and gain more from their production
Horizontal Integration
117
One of the most popular 19th century American authors and arguably most socially influential America writer of his generation; wrote YA novels about impoverished boys and rags-to-riches by being honest, cheerful, perseverance and hard work; wrote Ragged Dick, Luck and Pluck, Tattered Tom or Street Life in NY with the Bootblacks
Horatio Alger
118
Aka Cult of True Womanhood; a system of cultural beliefs governing gender roles of upper and middle class Americans in the 19th century between 1820-1860; women’s role and main responsibilities were wife and mother
Cult of Domesticity
119
American architect, designer and writer, and known as the creator and expounder of “organic architecture;” his “prairie style” became the basis of 20th-century residential design in the U.S.
Frank Lloyd Wright
120
Founded in 1869 as a secret society of garnet workers in Philadelphia, but emerged as a national labor movement by 1878; organized skilled and unskilled workers of all gender and race to campaign for an eight hour workday as well as a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries they worked for
Knights of Labor
121
American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher, and author; winner of Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 and co-founder of Hull House in Chicago (one of the first social settlements in North America)
Jane Addams
122
American educator and reformer, the first president and principal developer of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, and was the most influential spokesman for Black Americans between 1895-1915
Booker T. Washington
123
North Native American cult; of two distinct cults in a complex of late 19th century religious movements that represented an attempt of Native Americans in the western U.S. to rehabilitate their traditional cultures; they claimed the return of the dead, ridding of whites, and the restoration of Native American lands and way of life (which would be fastened by the dances and songs)
Ghost Dance
124
The Act that allowed for the allotment of Native American reservations and served as a major policy initiative with hopes of dividing up Native American communal tribals lands into individual allotments for families
Dawes Act
125
This Act addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do business such as transacting or transportation of products, services or money across state borders
Interstate Commerce Act
126
Labor organization focused on obtaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions; also replaced Knights of Labor as the most powerful industrial union of the era
American Federation of Labor
127
Was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices and prohibited companies from colluding or merging to form a monopoly aka trusts in hopes of promoting competition within the economy
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
128
This increased taxes on most imported goods while eliminating taxes on luxury items with the intent to protect American industries from foreign competition; domestic businesses then raised the prices of American products to unaffordable rates
McKinley Tariff 1890
129
Figures included Thomas E. Watson; party mainly appealed to white farmers from the Midwest and South impoverished by debt and low cotton prices; they wanted an increase in the circulating currency, a graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, a tariff for revenue only, the direct election of senators, and other things designed to strengthen political democracy and give farmers economic parity with business and industry
Populist Party
130
Workers for the Pullman Palace Car Company already had low wages as well as high rents and their wages and jobs were cut more during the economic depression in 1893; Pullman refused to meet with workers and the workers protested by walking off the job and American Railway Union joined the protest by boycotting and not handling the Pullman cars; the railroad companies lost money and many were unhappy nationwide with the slowdown
Pullman Strike
131
The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom by coup detat against Queen Lili’uokalani on January 17, 1893 in the island of Oahu when she moved to establish a stronger monarchy; Americans under Samuel Dole deposed her out of fear of a devastating tariff on their sugar
Hawaiian Revolution
132
A style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts and used lurid features and exaggerated and eye-catching headlines to attract readers; popular in late 19th century that helped push U.S. and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines
Yellow Journalism
133
The 1899 U.S. policy for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China; provided that each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere, only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and no great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbour dues
Open Door Notes
134
1903 amendment to a U.S. army appropriations bill; established the terms under which the U.S. would end its military occupation of Cuba but provided U.S. extensive involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence
Platt Amendment
135
1906 U.S. federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission power to regulate railroads and set “fair, just and reasonable” rates for the railroads and manage its monopolistic practices; gave government power to investigate private business records and to set rates
Hepburn Act
136
Act prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation’s first consumer protection agency FDA; The Jungle revealed food adulteration and unsanitary practices in meat production and public outrage prompted Congress to pass the act
Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
137
Journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government ; their work influenced passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers
Muckrakers
138
President Roosevelt approach to Latin America and the Caribbean often known as the “Big Stick” and is compared to Monroe Doctrine; stated that the U.S. would intervene as a last resort to ensure that Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors to prevent any outside countries from taking advantage of the hemisphere; U.S. military force to restore internal stability
Roosevelt Corollary
139
An agreement that was negotiated by President Roosevelt in 1908 with Japan’s government to limit immigration of laborers to the U.S. and the U.S. wouldn’t segregate schools for Japanese and Chinese children
Gentleman’s Agreement
140
Scientific inaccurate theory that humans can be improved through selective breeding of population; used for scientific racism and discredited as racially biased during the 20th century, especially after the Nazis used its doctrines to justify their genocide of Jews, disabled people and other minority groups
Eugenics
141
The scandal when a muckraker in Colliers magazine accused Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of corrupted deals with Alaskan coal lands
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
142
Congress have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes without apportionment among the States and without having to determine it based on population; ratified in February 1913 and basis of the federal income tax system
Sixteenth Amendment
143
Slogan that sought to dismantle the monopolistic practices that dominated industries to protect small businesses; emphasized tariff reduction, banking reform and antitrust legislation and reflect the progressive ideals of early 20th century
“New Freedom”
144
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation, discrimination, racism and ensure constitutional rights
NAACP
145
Industrial Workers of the World nicknamed the Wobblies; labor organization founded in Chicago in 1906 for industrial unions rather than the specialized trade unions of the American Federation of Labor; opposed the federation’s acceptance of capitalism
I.W.W. or Wobblies
146
Form of American foreign policy to minimize the use of or threat of military force and instead promising American financial support through federal loans or private business participation; President William Howard Taft known for using it to encourage U.S. investments in South and Central America, Caribbean and the Far East
“Dollar Diplomacy”
147
Legislation enacted in October 1913 that lowered average tariff rates from about 40% to about 27% percent and reintroduced a federal income tax
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
148
Incredibly influential legislation that created the Federal Reserve System (aka the Fed) for economic stability by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
149
Law aimed to promote fair competition by upholding various rights of labor and prevent unfair business practices that could harm consumers by specifying and outlining them, such as price fixing and monopolies
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
150
Pledges made by the German government after the sinking of the British passenger vessel Arabic in 1915; stated that Germany would warn non-military ships 30 mins before they sank them, promised not to sink passenger ships without warning
“Arabic pledge”
151
May 18, 1917 - Congress passed act that authorized the federal government to temporarily expand the military through conscription and eventually required all men between 21-45 to register for military service
Selective Service Act
152
A U.S. government agency established in July 1917 to coordinate the production of war materials during WWI (wib)
War Industries Board
153
Headed by George Creel, was to mobilize people’s minds for war in America and abroad and try to get public support for U.S. involvement in WWI (CPI)
Committee on Public Information
154
Federal legislature enacted in 1917 that criminalizes and punishes espionage, spying and related crimes as well as anti-war speeches and public literature
Espionage and Sedition Acts
155
Supreme Court case where ruling said that “speech creating a clear and present danger isn’t protected by the 1st Amendment;” this limited individual freedom for social order
Shenck v. U.S.
156
President Wilson created a set of principles proposed in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations to end WWI and emphasized self-determination, open diplomacy, free trade and the establishment of League of Nations
Fourteen Points
157
The article of the League of Nations Covenant in the Treaty of Versailles bound signatories to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations
Article X
158
The intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies that swept through the U.S. after WWI (1920s-1950s)
The Red Scare
159
“Red Scare” caused attempts by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, specifically anarchists, from the U.S. The raids and arrests occurred in 1919-20 under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer; terrorism investigations and intelligence work and transgression against civil liberties and constitutional rights
Palmer Raids
160
Outbreak of racial violence during the “Red Summer” in 1919 across at least 26 cities; racial tensions exacerbated after WWI when Black people return home and to cities; sparked by the stoning and drowning of Black teenager named Eugene Williams for drifting across the line informally dividing White and Black beaches in Lake Michigan
Race Riots of 1919
