Terms 161-229 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
A labor and production model used in textile industry during Industrial Revolution; complete control and production of all aspects of creating cloth
A
Lowell System
2
Q
Protestant religious revival with increase in church membership; Questioning of higher ranking people; universal salvation and religious free will; introduced abolition, feminism, and temperance
A
Second Great Awakening
3
Q
John Quincy Adams won election of 1824 despite Andrew Jackson having more electoral and popular votes (plurality but not majority); Henry Clay inaugurated as Secretary of State by Quincy; Jackson claimed deal to be fraudulent
A
Corrupt Bargain
4
Q
A very high protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by President John Quincy Adams in 1828 to increase the cost of imported goods and protect American industries; support industrialization and manufacturers but pissed off the South
A
Tariff of Abominations
5
Q
An informal group of close advisors to a president outside official cabinet; Jackson’s friends would meet in the White House kitchen hence the nickname
A
Kitchen Cabinet
6
Q
President Jackson vetoed a bill that would allow federal government to purchase stock in a private road company; showed his commitment to limit government engagement in economic affairs
May 27, 1830
A
Maysville Road
7
Q
Supreme Court case that ruled that states didn’t have right to regulate Native American land; Georgia’s extension laws were unconstitutional and violated previous treaties
A
Worcester v. Georgia
8
Q
Debate between Whig Senator of MA and Democrat Senator of SC; started out as disagreement over sale of Western lands; showed the different understandings of the nature of the Union between the North and South in 1830; Webster argued Union was to promote the good of the whole and Hayne argued Union was created to promote the independent states’ interests
A
The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
9
Q
Law passed in 1833 that allowed president to use military force against states that refused to comply with federal tariffs and tax laws; in response to South Carolina’s threat to nullify the Tariff Acts of 1828 and 1832
A
Force Bill
10
Q
An American financier who served as third and last president of the Second Bank of the U.S.; made it the first effective central bank in U.S. history; enemies with Jackson who later eliminated the Second Bank of the U.S.
A
Nicholas Biddle
11
Q
An executive order issued by President Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver
A
Specie Circular
12
Q
A book by __ examining the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years and the promise and perils of the idea of equality; he noted that Americans loved equality despite material inequalities
A
Tocqueville’s Democracy in America
13
Q
A Boston-based newspaper company that began publication on January 1, 1831 and quickly gained notoriety for its strong anti-slavery stance; attacked slavery and supporters, inspired action, and promoted equal rights for all
A
The Liberator
14
Q
An American reformer of education often called the “Father of the Common School Movement;” movement devoted to creating more equitable public school system with quality teachers and a nonsectarian approach to education
A
Horace Mann
15
Q
A series of graded primers for grade levels 1-6; widely used as textbooks in American schools in mid-19th century to early 20th century during the common-school movement when America was also expanding West and newly arrived immigrants assimilated
A
McGuffey Readers
16
Q
“The concept of American exceptionalism and belief that America occupies a special place among the countries of the world;” American settlers were destined by God to expand westward across North America
A
Manifest Destiny
17
Q
An unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the U.S. Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in Mexican-American War; debate over the proposal exacerbated North and South tensions over slavery
A
Wilmot Proviso
18
Q
A series of measures proposed by U.S. Senator Henry Clay and passed by Congress to settle several issues connected to slavery and avert the threat of dissolution of the Union; Also 1) Admitted California as free state, 2) Mexican cession divided into New Mexico and Utah without mention of slavery, 3) part of Texas paid to go to New Mexico, 4) the Fugitive Slave Act
A
Compromise of 1850
19
Q
A political party in U.S. from 1848-54; eventually merged into Republican party; pre-Civil War party focused on opposing expansion of slavery into western territories
A
Free Soil Party
20
Q
A U.S. Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars including War of 1812 and Mexican-American War; Led 4 ships in Perry Expedition to end Japan isolationism and re-establish regular trade and discourse between Japan and western world
A
Commodore Matthew Perry
21
Q
Speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson at the First Parish in Cambridge to Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College; Emerson calls for an American scholar who’s independent and self-reliant and can lead the country in a new direction
A
“The American Scholar”
22
Q
Aka the Declaration of Sentiments is a document signed in 1848 outlining the the grievances of women’s rights, women’s suffrage, and restrictions from marriage
A
Seneca Falls Declaration
23
Q
Mid 19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters who celebrated nature above all man-made things and sought to recreate the majesty of the natural world and inspire admiration for its beauty
A
Hudson River School
24
Q
Aka blackface minstrelsy was an American form of theater developed in early 19th century that performed on Broadway; first distinctly American form of popular culture that was founded on the comic enactment of racial stereotypes created by Thomas Dartmouth Rice aka “Jim Crow”
A
Minstrel Shows
25
Aka Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe; criticized by whites who thought Stowe’s portrayal of black characters was too positive and South felt attacked by the book’s dehumanizing portrayal of slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
26
Act that repealed the Missouri Compromise, created 2 new territories Kansas and Nebraska, and allowed for popular sovereignty; led to “Bleeding Kansas” where activists fought over and rushed into territories to allow slavery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
27
1854-59; mini civil war between pro- and anti- slavery advocates for control of new territory of Kansas; period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerilla warfare that led to the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas
28
Supreme Court Case of Dred Scott v. Sandford; ruling upheld slavery in U.S. territories, denied legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional
Dred-Scott Decision
29
Non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers; “self-working farmer” who owns and cultivates a small farm
Yeoman farmers
30
North Carolinian who was a writer, abolitionist, and white supremacist; Wrote book “The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet it” where he attacked slavery because it victimized nonslaveholding whites and was incompatible with economic progress as seen by the North’s progression vs South slow evolution
Hinton R. Helper
31
A former U.S. political party in the 1850s in the North which opposed immigration and Roman Catholic influence; immigrant Germans in the Midwest and Irish in the East seemed to pose a threat to the economic and political security of native-born Protestant Americans
Know Nothing Party
32
Communication from 3 U.S. diplomats to Secretary of State William L. Marcy, advocating U.S. seizure of Cuba from Spain; high point of U.S. expansionist drive in the Caribbean
Ostend Manifesto
33
Position stated by Democratic U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas at the 2nd of the Lincoln-Douglas debates that settlers in a U.S. territory could circumvent the U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred-Scott decision simply by not providing police enforcement of the rights of slave owners to their slaves or if officials didn’t pass laws protecting enslavement
Freeport Doctrine
34
A militant American abolitionist who believed slavery was a sin against God and became a martyr to the antislavery movement after his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA
John Brown
35
The first of the two engagements fought at a small stream named Bull Run near Manassas in northern Virginia, which was an important railroad junction
First Battle of Bull Run
36
Law signed by Abraham Lincoln to help develop the American West by providing 160 acres of federal land to those who agreed to live and cultivate or improve their plot of land; gave African Americans opportunity to own land
Homestead Act
37
Phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors prior to the American Civil War indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production
“King Cotton”
38
A decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, which would threaten Washington, D.C. The battle was next to the Antietam Creek. The South hoped to detach Maryland (a slave state that rejected secession). The battle ended the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia’s first invasion into the North and led Abraham Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Antietam
39
President Lincoln introduced his first plan for Reconstruction with this document. It also offered a full pardon to those individuals that took an oath of loyalty and accepted the abolition of slavery. Aka the 10 Percent Plan because it allowed Southern states reconstruction once 10 percent of citizens in the state agreed to swear an oath to the union and agree to abolish slavery.
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
40
An unsuccessful bill by Radical Republicans trying to guarantee to certain States whose governments have been usurped or overthrown a republican form of government with military governors proposed for the Reconstruction of the South; when majority of the state’s white citizens swore allegiance to the Union, a constitutional convention would be called to abolish slavery and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office; President Abraham Lincoln vetoed the bill and this marked the struggle of Reconstruction
Wade-Davis Bill
41
Speech delivered November 1863 at Gettysburg battle field that referenced Declaration of Independence; Lincoln’s message that the best way to honor the +50,000 men who died in the Battle of Gettysburg is to keep fighting and win this war to reunite the Union
Gettysburg Address
42
An incident in which Charlies Wilkes’ Union ship north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe; Great Britain accused the U.S. of violating British neutrality and this created a diplomatic crisis between the two during the Civil War
Trent Affair
43
Congress overrode President Johnson’s veto and the first Reconstruction act became law; divided South into 5 military districts governed by previous Union generals, required the 13th and 14th amendments ratified in the states in order to reenter, and excluded former government officials who had aided the Confederacy
Military Reconstruction Act
44
A federal agency established in 1865 to assist newly freed slaves; provided assistance with clothes, food and healthcare to tens of thousands of formerly enslaved people, impoverished whites in the Southern states, and D.C. in post-war time; helped black people establish schools, purchase land, locate family members and legalized marriages
Freedmen’s Bureau
45
Law forbidding the president to remove civil officers without consent from Senate; passed over Pres. Johnson’s veto by radical republicans in Congress wanting to control Reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act
46
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;” it also granted citizenship and equal civil rights to anyone born in the U.S. or who became a citizen, which included black people
14th Amendment
47
S.C. Decision that held that the creation of a Louisiana meat company monopoly didn’t violate the 13th and 14th amendments and right to practice their trade; ruled against a group of butchers who challenged a Louisiana law that gave a slaughtering monopoly to one company. Supreme Court claimed that privileges or immunities clause only protects rights of federal citizenship, not state citizenship
Slaughterhouse Decisions
48
Aka Wormley Agreement/Corrupt Bargain, was an unwritten political deal in the U.S. to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election; Rutherford B. Hayes was given presidency in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, resulting in the end of Reconstruction in the South
Compromise of 1877
49
Aka the Society of St. Tammany, became main local political organization of the Democratic Party and majorly influenced NY city and state politics; helped and drew support from immigrants
Tammany Hall
50
A phony construction company set up to build the Union Pacific Railroad; was financed with fraudulent bonds and used stocks to bribe government officials to keep the scandal from going public; built the railroad with inflated wages
Credit Mobilier Scandal
51
They thought that the Grant administration and the President personally were corrupt and inefficient; split up Republican party to undermine support for the southern policies; won support of Democratic Party by claiming Reconstruction should be over; believed that the Southern representatives were corrupt and that the “best men” for office were ex-Confederate officers who were barred from federal offices
Liberal Republicans
52
A faction of the Republican Party in the late 19th century that existed briefly during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age during 1870-80s. They opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford Hayes and wanted Grant to have a 3rd term because they supported political patronage and the spoils system. Leaders included Roscoe Conkling and Chester Arthur
Stalwarts
53
Landmark U.S. legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system). Widespread public demand for civil service reform went up after President Garfield was assassinated and in 1833 Congress passed act that guaranteed the rights of all citizens to compete for federal jobs without preferential treatment given based on politics, race, religion or origin.
Pendelton Civil Service Act
54
Was a propaganda term developed by boosters who wanted to insist that the South had put the old days of slavery behind it, that racial harmony was reigning; rapid and far-reaching environmental, economic, and social transformation with industrialization and urbanization and rail networks
New South
55
The belief that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of fittest;” the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better; used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality
Social Darwinism
56
The company controls the majority of one stage of the production of a good. Occurs when a company acquires or merges with another company in the same industry that is operating at the same level in the value chain; allowed companies to make more profit and gain more from their production
Horizontal Integration
57
One of the most popular 19th century American authors and arguably most socially influential America writer of his generation; wrote YA novels about impoverished boys and rags-to-riches by being honest, cheerful, perseverance and hard work; wrote Ragged Dick, Luck and Pluck, Tattered Tom or Street Life in NY with the Bootblacks
Horatio Alger
58
Aka Cult of True Womanhood; a system of cultural beliefs governing gender roles of upper and middle class Americans in the 19th century between 1820-1860; women’s role and main responsibilities were wife and mother
Cult of Domesticity
59
American architect, designer and writer, and known as the creator and expounder of “organic architecture;” his “prairie style” became the basis of 20th-century residential design in the U.S.
Frank Lloyd Wright
60
Founded in 1869 as a secret society of garnet workers in Philadelphia, but emerged as a national labor movement by 1878; organized skilled and unskilled workers of all gender and race to campaign for an eight hour workday as well as a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries they worked for
Knights of Labor
61
American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher, and author; winner of Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 and co-founder of Hull House in Chicago (one of the first social settlements in North America)
Jane Addams
62
American educator and reformer, the first president and principal developer of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, and was the most influential spokesman for Black Americans between 1895-1915
Booker T. Washington
63
North Native American cult; of two distinct cults in a complex of late 19th century religious movements that represented an attempt of Native Americans in the western U.S. to rehabilitate their traditional cultures; they claimed the return of the dead, ridding of whites, and the restoration of Native American lands and way of life (which would be fastened by the dances and songs)
Ghost Dance
64
The Act that allowed for the allotment of Native American reservations and served as a major policy initiative with hopes of dividing up Native American communal tribals lands into individual allotments for families
Dawes Act
65
This Act addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do business such as transacting or transportation of products, services or money across state borders
Interstate Commerce Act
66
Labor organization focused on obtaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions; also replaced Knights of Labor as the most powerful industrial union of the era
American Federation of Labor
67
Was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices and prohibited companies from colluding or merging to form a monopoly aka trusts in hopes of promoting competition within the economy
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
68
Raised the average tariff on imported goods to nearly 50% on agricultural and industrial products to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and encourage the growth of American manufacturing. Removed duties from some items like sugar, but gave sugar producers a bounty
McKinley Tariff 1890
69
Figures included Thomas E. Watson; party mainly appealed to white farmers from the Midwest and South impoverished by debt and low cotton prices; they wanted an increase in the circulating currency, a graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, a tariff for revenue only, the direct election of senators, and other things designed to strengthen political democracy and give farmers economic parity with business and industry
Populist Party
70
Workers for the Pullman Palace Car Company already had low wages as well as high rents and their wages and jobs were cut more during the economic depression in 1893; Pullman refused to meet with workers and the workers protested by walking off the job and American Railway Union joined the protest by boycotting and not handling the Pullman cars; the railroad companies lost money and many were unhappy nationwide with the slowdown
Pullman Strike
71
The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom by coup detat against Queen Lili’uokalani on January 17, 1893 in the island of Oahu when she moved to establish a stronger monarchy; Americans under Samuel Dole deposed her out of fear of a devastating tariff on their sugar
Hawaiian Revolution
72
A style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts and used lurid features and exaggerated and eye-catching headlines to attract readers; popular in late 19th century that helped push U.S. and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines
Yellow Journalism
73
The 1899 U.S. policy for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China; provided that each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere, only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and no great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbour dues
Open Door Notes
74
1903 amendment to a U.S. army appropriations bill; established the terms under which the U.S. would end its military occupation of Cuba but provided U.S. extensive involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence
Platt Amendment
75
1906 U.S. federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission power to regulate railroads and set “fair, just and reasonable” rates for the railroads and manage its monopolistic practices; gave government power to investigate private business records and to set rates
Hepburn Act
76
Act prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation’s first consumer protection agency FDA; The Jungle revealed food adulteration and unsanitary practices in meat production and public outrage prompted Congress to pass the act
Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
77
Journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government ; their work influenced passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers
Muckrakers
78
President Roosevelt approach to Latin America and the Caribbean often known as the “Big Stick” and is compared to Monroe Doctrine; stated that the U.S. would intervene as a last resort to ensure that Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors to prevent any outside countries from taking advantage of the hemisphere; U.S. military force to restore internal stability
Roosevelt Corollary
79
An agreement that was negotiated by President Roosevelt in 1908 with Japan’s government to limit immigration of laborers to the U.S. and the U.S. wouldn’t segregate schools for Japanese and Chinese children
Gentleman’s Agreement
80
Scientific inaccurate theory that humans can be improved through selective breeding of population; used for scientific racism and discredited as racially biased during the 20th century, especially after the Nazis used its doctrines to justify their genocide of Jews, disabled people and other minority groups
Eugenics
81
The scandal Gifford Pinchot accused Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger under President Taft of corrupted deals with Alaskan coal lands. Pinchot was a close ally of President Teddy Roosevelt and claimed Ballinger’s actions went against Roosevelt’s conservation policies. This feud split the Republican party into conservationists and business-oriented.
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
82
Congress have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes without apportionment among the States and without having to determine it based on population; ratified in February 1913 and basis of the federal income tax system
Sixteenth Amendment
83
Slogan that sought to dismantle the monopolistic practices that dominated industries to protect small businesses; emphasized tariff reduction, banking reform and antitrust legislation and reflect the progressive ideals of early 20th century
“New Freedom”
84
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation, discrimination, racism and ensure constitutional rights
NAACP
85
Industrial Workers of the World nicknamed the Wobblies; labor organization founded in Chicago in 1906 for industrial unions rather than the specialized trade unions of the American Federation of Labor; opposed the federation’s acceptance of capitalism
I.W.W. or Wobblies
86
Form of American foreign policy to minimize the use of or threat of military force and instead promising American financial support through federal loans or private business participation; President William Howard Taft known for using it to encourage U.S. investments in South and Central America, Caribbean and the Far East
“Dollar Diplomacy”
87
Legislation enacted in October 1913 that lowered average tariff rates from about 40% to about 27% percent and reintroduced a federal income tax
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act
88
Incredibly influential legislation that created the Federal Reserve System (aka the Fed) for economic stability by introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy. This would help prevent bank panics and need for a more elastic currency
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
89
Law aimed to promote fair competition by upholding various rights of labor and prevent unfair and harmful business practices by specifying and outlining them, such as price fixing and monopolies
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
90
Pledges made by the German government after the sinking of the British passenger vessel Arabic in 1915; stated that Germany would warn non-military ships 30 mins before they sank them, promised not to sink passenger ships without warning
“Arabic pledge”
91
May 18, 1917 - Congress passed act that authorized the federal government to temporarily expand the military through conscription and eventually required all men between 21-45 to register for military service
Selective Service Act
92
A U.S. government agency established in July 1917 during WWI to coordinate the production of war materials and supplies. It helped mobilize the economy by encouraging mass production, standardized products, and allocated resources.
War Industries Board
93
Headed by George Creel, was to mobilize people’s minds for war in America and abroad and try to get public support for U.S. involvement in WWI (CPI)
Committee on Public Information
94
Federal legislature enacted in 1917 that criminalizes and punishes espionage, spying and related crimes as well as anti-war speeches and public literature
Espionage and Sedition Acts
95
Supreme Court case where ruling said that “speech creating a clear and present danger isn’t protected by the 1st Amendment;” this limited individual freedom for social order
Shenck v. U.S.
96
President Wilson created a set of principles proposed in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations to end WWI and emphasized self-determination, open diplomacy, free trade and the establishment of League of Nations
Fourteen Points
97
The article of the League of Nations Covenant in the Treaty of Versailles bound signatories to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations
Article X
98
The intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies that swept through the U.S. after WWI (1920s-1950s)
The Red Scare
99
“Red Scare” caused attempts by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, specifically anarchists, from the U.S. The raids and arrests occurred in 1919-20 under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer; terrorism investigations and intelligence work and transgression against civil liberties and constitutional rights
Palmer Raids
100
Outbreak of racial violence during the “Red Summer” in 1919 across at least 26 cities; racial tensions exacerbated after WWI when Black people return home and to cities; sparked by the stoning and drowning of Black teenager named Eugene Williams for drifting across the line informally dividing White and Black beaches in Lake Michigan
Race Riots of 1919
101
An American aviation pioneer by being the first woman to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean and advocated for women’s equality. Nicknamed “Lady Lindy.”
Amelia Earhart
102
A period in the 1920s and 1930s when jazz music and dance styles gained worldwide popularity with Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Coined by novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald and symbolized decade’s spirit of liberation
“Jazz Age”
103
“The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of sex”
19th Amendment
104
Act limiting the number of immigrants allowed entry into the U.S. through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to 2% of the total number of people of each nationality in the U.S. as of the 1890 national census. Sought to preserve the homogeneity and ethnic identity.
National Origins Act
105
A Jamaican-born Black leader who organized the first important American Black nationalist movement after WWI. Created “Back to Africa” movement in the U.S., and founded the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association and African Communities League (UNIA), Negro Factories Corporation and the Black Star Line. Nicknamed “Black Moses”
Marcus Garvey
106
Italian immigrants and avowed anarchists who advocated the violent overthrow of capitalism during the height of the Red Scare
Sacco and Vanzetti
107
A political corruption scandal in the early 1920s and involved the secret leasing of federal oil reserves at Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming by the secretary of the interior Albert Bacon Fall to businessmen like Harry F. Sinclair
“Teapot Dome”
108
An American lawyer, politician and leader of the Progressive movement and supporter of reform legislation such as the railroads, direct election of senators, and worker protection. Was against American entry in the war because claimed that those who wanted to were motivated by financial gain. Founded the “Wisconsin Idea” that aimed to use government power to improve the lives of ordinary citizens.
Robert M. LaFollete
109
1921-1922 it was the world’s largest naval powers gathered in Washington DC to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve tension in East Asia with rising Japanese militarism. It was called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and the treaty limited the construction on battleships, battle cruisers and aircraft carriers
The Washington Conference
110
American religious leader and radio preacher who based her Evangelist movement on faith healing, adult baptism by immersion, and a pervading aura of optimism and spectacle. Her International Church of the Foursquare Gospel brought her wealth, notoriety, and tens of thousands of followers
Aimee Semple McPherson
111
First international agreement in 1928 that attempted to eliminate war as a tool of national policy, but not legally binding or effective since it didn’t define “war”. 15 countries signed pact, including the U.S. and France but not the Soviet Union
Kellogg-Briand Pact
112
Tariff by President Hoover in 1930 designed to protect American industries by raising tariffs on approx. 20,000 goods. Exacerbated economic downturn by reducing international trade (like Canada) and increasing prices.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
113
Organization by President Hoover in 1932 that provided financial support and emergency loans to banks, businesses, and state governments during the Great Depression. It lended up to $2 billion to state and local governments for job-creating public-works programs and allocated $750 million for loans to businesses trying to survive. It was created to help stabilize the banking system and restore confidence. It was partially independent from the government.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
114
A group of 43,000 WWI veterans who marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand early payment of their bonuses because they were desperate for money during the Great Depression.
Bonus Army
115
The first 3 months in 1933 of FDR’s presidency when Congress passed a series of significant economic reforms. Emphasized relief, recovery and reform to the American economy as well as expanded federal government’s involvement in the economy. FDR used “fireside chats” to communicate directly with the public about his policies and assure them they could trust the banks again.
“Hundred Days”
116
First major piece of FDR’s New Deal legislation enacted in 1933 that helped stabilize and restore the public’s confidence in the banking system during the Great Depression. It allowed healthy banks to reopen, set up procedures for managing failed banks, increased government oversight of banking, and required banks to separate their savings deposits from their investment funds. This reduced bank runs (where multiple withdraw from banks at the same time in fear).
Emergency Banking Relief Act
117
Congress created the corporation to insure all bank deposits up to five thousands dollars. It also gave insurance to American commercial banks and savings banks, and it examines and supervises banks and manages failed ones. It was created by the Emergency Banking Act of 1933.
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
118
One early New Deal relief program that employed youths in work to improve America’s public lands while also providing jobs. It helped with conservation, reforestation, park maintenance and development, and erosion and flood control.
Civilian Conservation Corps
119
A major New Deal program that worked to restore agricultural prosperity during the Great Depression by curtailing farm production, reducing export surpluses, and raising prices. It gave subsidies to producers in return for cutting production, and a tax on grain mills and other food processors financed the subsidies.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
120
An act passed as part of the New Deal program that established the National Recovery Administration, which supervised fair trade codes and guaranteed laborers a right to collective bargaining, and also appropriated $3.3 billion for heavy-duty government public-works programs to provide jobs and stimulate the economy as well as encourage industrial efficiency
National Industrial Recovery Act
121
Known as “The Kingfish,” he was a prominent and controversial politician who served as Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a Senator from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. Political platform called “Share Our Wealth” program proposed heavy taxes on the wealthy to fund social programs. He criticized President FDR, arguing that the New Deal did not go far enough to address income inequality
Senator Huey Long
122
A diplomatic initiative by FDR in 1933 aimed at improving relations between the U.S. and Latin American countries. Shift from military intervention to mutual respect, economic cooperation and cultural exchange
Good Neighbor Policy
123
A British economist who advocated for increased government expenditures and lower taxes (fiscal policy) to stimulate demand during the Great Depression. Published “The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money” in 1936 which challenged classical economic ideas. Proposed that total spending aka aggregate demand determines overall economic activity and growth and employment levels (Keynesian economics)
John Maynard Keynes
124
Law signed by President FDR on 1935 that provided financial assistance to individuals facing economic hardship, specifically the elderly, unemployed and disabled. FICA for retirement benefits, ADC later known as TANF for low-income families with children. Laid the groundwork for Medicare and Medicaid. This provided economic security and a social safety net
Social Security Act
125
Aka Wheeler-Howard Act that aimed to reverse assimilationist policies toward Native Americans and promoted Native self-governance, self-sufficiency with tribal businesses, cultural preservation, and education and social services. Stop policy of allotting tribal lands to individual members
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
126
A series of laws passed by Congress to prevent intervention in foreign conflicts, upholding the isolationist sentiment after WWI. It included the prohibition of arms and war materials, banned American citizens from traveling on ships of nation involved in war, and restricted loans and credit to belligerent nations
The Neutrality Acts of 1935
127
A series of laws passed by Congress leading up to WWII and designed to maintain U.S. neutrality by restricting arms sales, loans, and other forms of assistance to nations at war. It included the Arms Embargo (prohibited sale of arms to warring nations), Loans and Credits Ban (banned loans or credits to involved nations), Travel Restrictions on ships of belligerent nations), and Extension to Civil Wars (countries in civil war like the Spanish Civil War). Later revised after Germany’s invasion of Poland, “cash-and-carry” provision that favored Britain and France
Neutrality Acts of 1939
128
Officially the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, it was a foundational statute of labor law which established legal right for workers to organize into labor unions; engage in collective bargaining with their employers; and take collection action, including strikes, to improve wages and working conditions. It also prohibited unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board, an independent federal agency that enforced labor laws, overseeing union elections, and investigating unfair labor practices
Wagner Act
129
An act during WWII signed by President FDR in 1941 which allowed the U.S. to provide military aid and supplies to foreign nations deemed vital to the defense of the U.S., without requiring immediate payment. U.S. supplied Allied nations, primarily Great Britain, Soviet Union, China, etc. Aim was to support countries while maintaining U.S. neutrality before Pearl Harbor a few months later
Lend Lease Act
130
Supreme Court case in 1944 which upheld constitutionality of government’s decision to impose internment camps on Japanese Americans during WWII (Executive order 9066). The need to protect against espionage during wartime outweighed Korematsu’s individual rights. An example of the tension between civil liberties and national security, constitutional rights during times of crisis
Korematsu v. United States
131
Held in February 1945, it was a meeting of the “Big Three” Allied leaders: U.S. President FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. They discussed the post-war reorganization of Europe and the word as well as the formation of the UN. Germany would be divided into occupation zones controlled by U.S. , Soviet Union, Uk and France. Stalin agreed to join fight against Japan in exchange for territorial gains in Asia. This represented growing tensions between Western Allies and Soviet Union over control of Eastern Europe (pre-Cold War)
Yalta Conference
132
A key U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War aimed to prevent the expansion of communism by containing it to its existing areas. Emerged in the late 1940s as a response to the perceived threat by the Soviet Union and was built on the domino theory. Implementation by the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO and the Eisenhower Doctrine. Led to proxy wars such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War
Containment
133
A foreign policy speech given by President Truman on march 12, 1947. It established the U.S.’s policy of containing Soviet expansion during the Cold War and represented the break away from isolationist foreign policy and emphasized active intervention to stop the expansion of Soviet influence in Greece and France. It contributed to the creation of NATO and the Marshall plan
Truman Doctrine
134
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a 1949 military alliance formed by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations to provide security against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War. Main goal was to deter Soviet aggression with collective defense where an attack on one member is an attack on all
NATO
135
Officially known as the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1946, it amended the 1935 Wagner Act and restricted union activities and power but also protected employee rights and allowed states to enact “right-to-work” laws. It was passed by Congress over the veto of President Truman, who believed it was too restrictive on workers’ rights
Taft-Hartley Act
136
Associated with the “Red Scare” of the 1950s, it refers to the practice by a Wisconsin Republican Senator of making public accusations of disloyalty or subversion by Americans in government, entertainment and labor union. There was often little proper evidence and aimed to suppress opposition and to expose communist infiltration
McCarthyism
137
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration refers to the U.S. government agency established in 1958 to lead the nation’s space program in response to the Space Race with the technologically advanced Soviet Union
NASA
138
Landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 where the justices unanimously ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
139
The group of nine African American students who, in 1957, were the first to integrate Little Rock Central High School, a formerly all-white school, after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case. It sparked the Little Rock Crisis and a national debate about civil rights and segregation. Arkansas National Guard was used to prevent the students from entering the school but President Eisenhower intervened with federal troops. This historical event showcased the increased national tension and focus on the civil rights movement.
Little Rock
140
A pivotal figure in the Civil Rights Movement and known for her refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. She sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and ignited the fight against segregation
Rosa Parks
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Formed in 1960, it was one of the most important organizations in American civil rights movement. Grassroots organizing for civil rights, especially among young people and students. Sit-ins (nonviolent protest at segregated lunch), freedom rides (segregated bus travel), voter registration, March on Washington, Shift to Black Power
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
142
A group of writers and artists in the 1950s and early 1960s who challenged mainstream American culture, materialism, and conformity. They symbolized the cultural shift of post-WWII America, hinting at counterculture before the 1960s counterculture. Also known for their experimental writing style, focus on personal experience, and rejection of traditional values.
The Beats
143
Popularized by the book “The Age of Reform,” it’s a political philosophy championed by President Dwight Eisenhower. The idea that institutions and societies often resist change, not by outright rejection, but by adapting to it in ways that preserve core values (preservation through adaptation). Favor incremental change with systems to make conservatives seem somewhat progressive.
Dynamic Conservatism
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Delivered on January 17, 1961, President Eisenhower warned against the establishment of a “military-industrial complex,” a close relationship between the military, government and defense contractors. Could lead to excessive influence over national policy and threaten democratic processes and priorities. Balance between national security and civil liberties; Public involvement and responsibility could keep the government in check; Scientific and technological advancements become disconnected from public needs when funded and directed by federal government. E
Eisenhower’s Farewell Address
145
A series of large suburban housing developments after WWII by William Levitt and his company, Levitt & Sons. They became iconic symbols of the post-war American Dream conformity and mass-produced, uniform suburban growth and the ideal of affordable home ownership for returning veterans. Racially segregated at the time of creation and Black families were barred from purchasing homes.
Levittown
146
A major piece of legislation in 1958 in response to Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik. The launch sparked fears that the U.S. was falling behind in science and technology in the context of the Cold War. It provided federal funding for American schools and promoted postsecondary education, specifically in science, mathematics, foreign languages, and engineering. Shift in how education was seen: critical to national security. First federal student loan program to help attend college.
National Defense Education Act
147
March took place on August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial and is one of the most significant events of the Civil Rights Movement. They demanded civil and economic rights for African Americans, including to end racial segregation and discrimination, fair wages and economic justice, and voting rights. Best known for the powerful “I Have a Dream” speech delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Helped lead the way to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
March on Washington
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A failed invasion of Cuba by CIA-sponsored paramilitary group made up of Cuban exiles, known as Brigade 2506. The goal was to overthrow Fidel Castro who aligned with the Soviet Union, and the U.S. feared the spread of communism just 90 miles off the coast of Florida.
Bay of Pigs
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A 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 between U.S. and SU over the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. It’s considered one of the most dangerous moments of the Cold War since it was the closest the world has gotten to nuclear war. U-2 spy plane captures photographic proof of missile sites and President Kennedy imposes a naval blockade. Crisis was averted and Moscow-Washington hotline was established.
Cuban Missile Crisis
150
A volunteer program by the government founded in 1961 by President Kennedy during the Cold War to promote peace and friendship around the world, help with economic and social development, and spread American goodwill abroad. Part of JFK’s New Frontier domestic and foreign policy.
Peace Corps
151
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and aimed to end segregation and discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It ended segregation in public places and schools, and allowed federal government to file lawsuits to enforce desegregation. It also prohibited discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds as well as employment discrimination. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
152
A key part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty”. The act aimed to eliminate poverty in the U.S. by expanding education, job training, and community development programs. This helped people help themselves and attacked the root causes of poverty rather than just its symptoms.
Economic Opportunity Act
153
Officially known as the Social Security Amendments of 1965, law by President Lyndon B. Johnson that honored Truman’s earlier efforts to establish national health insurance. It created Medicare (for 65 and older and people with certain disabilities) and Medicaid (low-income individuals and families).
Medicare Act of 1965
154
Aka Hart-Celler Act by President Lyndon B. Johnson which changed U.S. immigration policy and abolished the national origins quota system. It created a new preference system based on family reunification, employment skills, refugee status. It also opened the door to immigrants from Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Immigration Act of 1965
155
Major piece of civil rights legislation by President Lyndon B. Johnson that aimed to end racial discrimination in voting, specifically in the South. It banned laws and practices like literacy tests and poll taxes that worked against black voters in the Southern states.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
156
A movement in the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions for Black Americans. SNCC and Black Panther Party were major organizations during the civil rights movement.
Black Power
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A Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist. He played a major role in the labor and civil rights movements, especially for Latino farmworkers. Co-founded the United Farm Works (UFW) and leading nonviolent resistance such as the Delano Grape Strike where farmworkers united to strike against poor wages and conditions.
Cesar Chavez
158
A grassroots advocacy group founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It addressed systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police brutality against Native Americans. It was one of the of the most prominent movements for Native sovereignty, treaty rights, and cultural preservation.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
159
A group of American during the Vietnam War era who opposed the war and thought it was immoral and advocated for peace. The term contrasts with “Hawks,” who supported military intervention in Vietnam. Primarily during the 1960s and early 1970s, they were a mix of college students, civil rights activists, clergy, some politicians, and average Americans. They believed the war was imperialistic and misguided. Resources could be better spent at home. Organized anti-war protests, teach-ins, and marches.
“Doves”
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A major turning point in the Vietnam War launch during the Vietnamese lunar new year (Tet). A massive, coordinated surprise assault by North Vietnamese forces and the Viet Cong on more than 100 cities and outposts throughout South Vietnam. There had been a temporary truce for the Tet holiday. While the U.S. was able to fight back, it was a shock to the American public who believed victory was near, and marked a turn against American support for the war
Tet Offensive
161
A U.S. strategy during the Vietnam War introduced by President Nixon in 1969. Core idea was to gradually withdraw American troops from Vietnam and shift the responsibility for the war effort to the South Vietnamese military. Training and equipping the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) with airpower, weapons, and economic aid. This was due to increasing anti-war sentiment in the U.S.
Vietnamization
162
Announced by President Nixon and a key element of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War and closely tied to the idea of Vietnamization. The U.S. would support its allies against communism but not commit American troops to every conflict (defend themselves with U.S. economic and military aid).
Nixon Doctrine
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A tragic shooting after President Nixon announced the invasion of Cambodia and intense opposition to the Vietnam War. Anti-war protests erupted on college campuses across the country. National Guard troops opened fire on unarmed students at Kent State University in Ohio. 4 were killed and 9 others wounded. Domestic unrest and nationwide outrage of anti-war sentiment.
Kent State
164
Part of Cold War tensions and both nations had massive nuclear arsenals with a desire to ease tensions and avoid nuclear war. Signed by President Nixon and Soviet leader Brezhnev. 1st froze number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. 2nd under President Carter, aimed to limit land-based ICBM launchers and warheads and delivery systems.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
165
A period of eased tensions and improved relations between U.S. and the Soviet Union through diplomacy, arms control agreements, and increased communication during the 1970s. The two superpowers also had more exchanges in science, culture and sports.
Detente
166
During the Watergate scandal in the U.S. in 1973 involving the firing or resignation of several top officials like Archibald Cox in the U.S. Justice Department, which escalated the crisis surrounding President Nixon’s involvement in the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and subsequent cover-up.
Saturday Night Massacre
167
A series of historic agreements between Egypt and Israel brokered by the U.S. at the Camp David retreat in Maryland. Negotiated by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Peace between Egypt and Israel and framework for peace in the Middle East.
Camp David Accords
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A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in1973 that legalized abortion nationwide and held that a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion was protected by the Constitution, specifically under the right to privacy implied by the 14th Amendment’s Due Process Clause
Roe v. Wade
169
The economic policies promoted by President Reagan during the 1980s, based on supply-side economics. Main principles include tax cuts for individuals and businesses, deregulation on businesses, reduced government spending, monetary policy, and strengthening the military
Reaganomics
