Terms

Question 1

Abstract thinking

Answer 1

The ability to use metaphors and idiomatic language correctly and understand nuances of meaning

Question 2

Affect

Answer 2

Subjective feeling or emotional experience that is manifested by observable behaviours such as attitude, facial expression, tone of voice etc. Can be observed by others.

Question 3

Difference between affect and mood

Answer 3

Affect changes with time as the person reacts to various emotional experience. Mood refers to a continuous and sustained emotion.

Question 4

Range of affect

Answer 4

Normal
Restricted
Blunted
Flat 
Lab ile

Question 5

Describe normal affect

Answer 5

Involves changes n facial expression and tone of voice and the use of gestures and body movements

Question 6

Term for discernible decrease in the range and intensity of affective expressions

Answer 6

Restricted affect

Question 7

Term for marked diminution in emotional expression

Answer 7

Blunted Affect

Question 8

Term for absent sighs of broad rang of affective expression. Voice may be monotonous and face immobile and expressionless

Answer 8

Flat affect

Question 9

Rapid and abrupt changes is affect

Answer 9

Labile affect

Question 10

Agnosia. Define and types

Answer 10

Tactile agnosia- inability to recognise a familiar object when handled with the eyes closed
Visual object- agnosia- inability to identify objects that are shown to the patient by the therapist, despite intact vision and speech capability.
Prosopagnosia- inability to recognise familiar faces

Question 11

Aphasia/dysphasia

Answer 11

The inability to understand language and to use it for communication. May include speech, writing and reading.
Cause: disease or injury to the regions of the brain responsible for language function.

Question 12

Apraxia

Answer 12

Inability to perform previously learned motor tasks. Eg button

Question 13

Attention

Answer 13

Ability to focus on a task or activity in a sustained manner

Question 14

Blocking

Answer 14

Interruption of speech eg interruption in the train of thought, before a thought or idea has been completed.

Question 15

Catatonic

Answer 15

Conspicuous motor anomalies.

Generally limited to non organic disease eg schizophrenia

Question 16

Types of Catatonic behaviour

Answer 16

Catatonic excitement - Frenized motor activity, seemingly purposeless and not initiated by external stimuli.
Catatonic negativism - apparently motiveless resistance to all request or attempts to be moved. Eg keep jaw clenched if asked to open
Catatonic rigidity - the assumption of a rigid posture with resistance to all attempts at being moved.
Catatonic posturing - voluntary assumption of inappropriate or bizarre posture, usually sustained over a prolong period. Eg standing with arms outstretched.
Catatonic stupor - Markedly slowed spontaneous motor activity and responsiveness to the environment, even unawareness of surroundings.
Catatonic waxy flexibility - the pt limbs can be Moulder into any position which is then maintained.

Question 17

Loose associations

Answer 17

Lack of coherence between sentences and the original point of the narrative is lost.

Question 18

Compulsion

Answer 18

Repetitive and apparently purposeful behaviour that is carried out according to certain rules or in a stereotyped manner.
Performed with feeling of compulsion together with a strong desire (at least initially) to resist the impulse. They get a relief after the action is performed.

Question 19

Confabulation

Answer 19

Fabrication of facts or events in response to questions regarding situations or episodes that cannot be recalled because of memory impairment.
Common in amnestied disorders

Question 20

Conversion

Answer 20

Loss or alteration of physical function (usually motor or sensory) that suggests a medical disorder, but which is actually a direct manifestation of emotional conflict/need.
Can be seen in conversion disorder.

Question 21

Difference between delusion and overvalued idea

Answer 21

Overvalued ideas is an unreasonable belief or idea that is not quite as fixed as a delusion.

Question 22

Types of delusion

Answer 22

Bizarre 
Jealousy
Control
Reference
Grandiose
Mood-congruent
Mood - incongruent 
Nihilistic
Somatic
Paranoid
Hypochondriac
Systematic

Question 23

Bizarre delusion

Answer 23

A false belief the contents of which are clearly absurd and have no possibility of being based on fact.

Question 24

Delusion jealousy

Answer 24

False belief that a valued material or symbolic possession I s in danger of being taken from the subject. Eg wife is having an affair.

Question 25

Delusion of control

Answer 25

Delusion of the pt feelings, impulses, thoughts or actions are not HS or her own but rather arise from, are forced by or are served by another external force. Eg son belief his thoughts are not his but are his father has put them in his head.

Question 26

Delusions of reference

Answer 26

Delusion in which event, objects or other people in the subjects immediate environment are seen to have unusual and special significance, usually of a sinister or humiliating nature. If involving persecution then paranoid delusion are also involved. Eg women is convince radio programs were specifically y intended for her.

Question 27

Grandiose delusion

Answer 27

Pt has an exaggerated view of his/her own importance, power, knowledge or identity. It may involve religious, somatic or other themes.

Question 28

Nihilistic delusion

Answer 28

A false belief that self, part of self, other or the world is nonexistent or ending. Eg world is ending or I don't need to eat because I have no intestines.

Question 29

Somatic delusion

Answer 29

A delusion of which the main theme relates to the functioning of the body. Eg pt believes brain is in the process of rotting

Question 30

Paranoid delusion

Answer 30

Central theme is that the person or group s beng attacked, threatened, harassed not endangered, deceived or persecuted or that a conspiracy has been concocted against the person or group.

Question 31

Hypochondriac delusion

Answer 31

May be somatic if involve the body | Persistent belief that the person is suffering from an illness

Question 32

Systematic delusion

Answer 32

A single delusion with numerous elaborations or a group of delusion that are all linked by the subject not a unifying theme.

Question 33

Depersonalisation

Answer 33

Altered perception or sense of self, so that the person temporarily feels unreal to him or herself. May be feeling that extremities have changed in size or that the patient is observing himself from a distance Seen in depersonalisation disorder and may occur in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia

Question 34

Derealisation

Answer 34

A feeling of altered reality in which people, events or the environment appear strange or unreal.

Question 35

Incoherence

Answer 35

Speech largely unintelligible because of any of the following - lack of logical connection between words, phrases, or sentences, - excessive use of in completes sentences - numerous irrelevancies or sudden changes of subject - use of idiosyncratic use of words or distorted grammar Seen in dementia or other organic brain disorders Medical conditions, substance withdrawal and intoxication and schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Question 36

Disorientation

Answer 36

Confusion concerning the time, place or person. | Characteristic of some organic mental disorders such as delirium and dementia.

Question 37

Dissociation

Answer 37

Part of consciousness is divorced or split off from awareness and function independently. Characterised by a sudden temporary alteration n the normal integrated function of the consciousness eg dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder and depersonalisation disorders.

Question 38

Distractibility

Answer 38

Attention is easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.

Question 39

Dysarthria

Answer 39

Speech difficulty resulting from damage to the regions of the brain responsible for articulation

Question 40

Echolalia

Answer 40

Repetition of words or expression of other people. Often mocking, mumbling or staccato tone of voice Seen in children with certain serious developmental disorders, organic mental disorders and in schizophrenia

Question 41

Ego - Dystonic

Answer 41

A symptoms or personality trait that is recognised as beng unacceptable and alien to the person. Eg homosexual tendencies that are unacceptable and I stressing to an individual are considered egodystonic while they are ego-synodic if the person is comfortable with his homosexuality.

Question 42

What are executive functions

Answer 42

Planning, assimilation of new information and making suitable adjustments. If impaired pt struggle to perform complex tasks requiring planning such as operating a video machine, playing card games, managing their finances, maintaining personal hygiene etc

Question 43

Flight of ideas

Answer 43

Almost constant flow of rapid speech with sudden changes from one topic to another. Seen mostly in manic episodes but can be in organic mental disorders, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders and as a reaction to acute stress.

Question 44

Disorders of thought form

Answer 44

``` Loosened associations, Incoherent speech Neologisms Perseveration Blocking Echolalia Clang association ```

Question 45

Hallucinations

Answer 45

Sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus

Question 46

Types of hallucination

Answer 46

Auditory Visual - images or flashes of light Gustatory Olfactory Tactile - almost always associated with delusion. Formication - specific variant of tactile hallucination of pt feeling something crawling or squirming on or under the skin. Seen in alcohol withdrawal delirium and withdrawal phase of cocaine intoxication. Somatic - physical sensation localised inside the body eg electricity flowing through the body.

Question 47

Identity feeling and personal identity

Answer 47

The sense that one remains the same person, despite the passage of time and all that this entails. Prominent disturbances of identity and of the subjective awareness of self are seen in schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder and in identity problems.

Question 48

Illogical thinking

Answer 48

Thinking containing obvious internal contradictions or thinking in which patently inaccurate conclusion are arrived at, in light of the point of departure of the reasoning process.

Question 49

Types of insomnia

Answer 49

Initial insomnia Middle insomnia Terminal insomnia - person wakes at least 2 hors before normal waking time and cannot sleep again thereafter.

Question 50

Magical thinking

Answer 50

Believes the his.her thoughts, words or deeds can in some way achieve a specific outcome or result or that they will prevent or give rise to events in a manner not in keeping with the normal laws of cause and effect. Seen in children in primitive cultures, schizotypal personality disorder, schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Question 51

Types of mood

Answer 51

``` Depression Euphoria Anger Agitation Tiredness Retardation Excitement Anxiety ```

Question 52

Dysphoric mood

Answer 52

Unpleasant mood eg depression, anxiety or irritability

Question 53

Euthymic mood

Answer 53

Mood is within normal range

Question 54

Expansive mood

Answer 54

More elevated than normal but does not necessarily imply pathology

Question 55

Euphoric mood

Answer 55

An intense feeling of well being

Question 56

Different between mood and affect

Answer 56

Mood is like climate, it remains relatively constant over time. Affect presents the current emotion, the weather at a particular point in time

Question 57

Mood congruent psychotic features

Answer 57

Delusion or hallucinations, the contents of which are consistent with either a depressed or manic mood. Eg depression delusional context of inadequacy, guilt, sickness, death, nihilism, deserved punishment

Question 58

Mood incongruent psychotic features

Answer 58

Delusions or hallucinations, contents of which are not consistent with either a depressed or manic mood. Eg depression delusion content would not involve inadequacy, guilt, sickness, death, nihilism or merited punishment.

Question 59

Negativism

Answer 59

Resistance to attempts to make someone changes position or motiveless resistance to all instructions

Question 60

Neologisms

Answer 60

New words invented by the patent, distortion of words, or standard words with new or highly idiosyncratic meanings for the patient. Seen in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Question 61

Obsessions

Answer 61

Persistent irresistible thoughts, images or impulses that are ego-Dystonic (not produced intentionally). Intrude into consciousness Obsessive compulsive disorder.

Question 62

Palilalia

Answer 62

A meaningless repetition of a person's own word or words

Question 63

Panic attack

Answer 63

Episodes of sudden onset of intense fear, alarm or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom but without apparent reason.

Question 64

Paranoid ideas

Answer 64

Suspiciousness but to a lesser degree to that found in delusions.

Question 65

Perseveration

Answer 65

Persistent repetition of words, ideas or topics. Eg pt starts to talk about a specific subject or uses a specific word and then repeats it many times during the course of the conversation. Eg You know Seen in dementia and organic disorders of brain caused by medical conditions, substance withdrawal or intoxication and psychotic disorders

Question 66

Personality

Answer 66

Deep seated longstanding personal qualities and behaviour patterns, reflected by the patient's interpersonal relationships and attitudes to him/herself or his/her environment. These characteristics are so ingrained that they result in predictable behaviour patterns.

Question 67

Personality traits

Answer 67

Prominent facets of personality that do not indicate pathology

Question 68

Personality disorder

Answer 68

Implies grained, longstanding maladjusted behaviour patterns which are present to such a degree that they cause either subjective distress or significantly impair interpersonal or occupational functioning. Can usually be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.

Question 69

Poverty of content of speech

Answer 69

Speech is adequate in amount but conveys very little information because of vagueness, empty repetition or the use of sterotyped or obscure phrases. Eg talk continuously but doesn't answer the question.

Question 70

Poverty of speech (thought)

Answer 70

Limits the amount of speech to such an extent that spontaneous speech and responses to questions are brief and to the point. Eg monosyllables or not responded at all. Seen in schizophrenia, major depressive episodes and organic brain disorders such as dementia.

Question 71

Pressure of speech

Answer 71

Excessive in quantity and tempo and cannot be cut short, except with difficulty. Usually loud and explicit. Often speaks without social stimulation and may continue whether people listen or not. Seen in manic, acute stress response and other psychotic disorders

Question 72

Pseudo dementia

Answer 72

Clinical picture resembling dementia but not due to organic brain dysfunction Seen in major depressive episodes

Question 73

Psychomotor agitation

Answer 73

Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. Unproductive and repetitive. If severe it may be accompanied by exclamations or loud cries and moans.

Question 74

Psychomotor retardation

Answer 74

Noticeable generalised slowing of physical reactions, movements and speech.

Question 75

Psychotic

Answer 75

Marked impairment of reality testing. Most commonly delusion and/or hallucinations.