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EPPP 2021 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Beck’s cognitive theory of depression

A

Depressive triad:

- negative view of the self, of the world, and of the future.

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2
Q

Describe Lazarus’s theory

A

Lazarus had a theory of Cognitie appraisal to explain the relationships between emotion, stress and coping.

  • Primary appraisal-situation is initially judges as being positive, stressful, or irrelevant to personal well-being.
  • Secondary appriasal- evaluation of resources the individual has available to cope with the situation
  • Reappraisal- both the stimulus situation and coping strategies are monitored, and primary and secondary appraisals are modified as needed

Stress occurs when person believes he lacks resources to deal with difficult events (does not suffer stress if he believes he has such resources).

Stress and coping are thus intimately related to each other and to cognitive factors.

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3
Q

Describe Structural Equation Modeling

A
  • enables researchers to make inferences about causation
  • can test out many different causal pathways involving multiple predictor and criterion variables
  • one type of S.E.M. is LISREL
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4
Q

Describe MANOVA

A

involves one or more independent variables with at least two dependent variables.
- test of group differences

  • cannot test a causal model
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5
Q

Describe Trend Analysis

A
  • a test of group differences used when the outcome data is non-linear
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6
Q

Describe hierarchical multiple regression

A
  • used to test theories
  • can only include one criterion variable
  • cannot test multiple pathways
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7
Q

An Alloplastic reaction to stress involves:

A

trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment.

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8
Q

An Autoplastic reaction involves:

A

responding to stress by trying to change oneself or by blaming onself

-e.g. pt saying he is not as smart as other employees or that he is going to try to improve his performance

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9
Q

Some theorists argue that people with personality disorders use ______ defenses

A

Alloplastic (vs autoplastic for neurotics)

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10
Q

Some theorists argue that neurotic people use ______ defenses

A

Autoplastic (vs alloplastic for personality disorders)

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11
Q

Emic

A
  • refers to a culture specific approach (as seen in the work of Carol Gilligan)
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12
Q

Etic

A
  • refers to a non-culture specific approach that looks for universal principles
  • described in the work of Maslow
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13
Q

Sue and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Model

A

Conformity: Has a positive attitude toward and preference for dominant cultural values; places considerable value on characteristics that represent dominant cultural groups; may devalue or hold negative views of own race or other racial/ethnic groups.

Dissonance and Appreciating: Begins to question identity; recognizes conflicting messages and observations that challenge beliefs/stereotypes of own cultural groups and value of mainstream cultural groups; develops growing sense of one’s own cultural heritage and the existence of racism; moves away from seeing dominant cultural groups as all good.

Resistance and Immersion: Embraces and holds a positive attitude toward and preference for his or her own race and cultural heritage; rejects dominant values of society and culture; focuses on eliminating oppression within own racial/cultural group; likely to possess considerable feelings—including distrust and anger—toward dominant cultural groups and anything that may represent them; places considerable value on characteristics that represent one’s own cultural groups without question; develops a growing appreciation for others from racially and culturally diverse groups.

Introspection: Begins to question the psychological cost of projecting strong feelings toward dominant cultural groups; desires to refocus more energy on personal identity while respecting own cultural groups; realigns perspective to note that not all aspects of dominant cultural groups—one’s own racial/cultural group or other diverse groups— are good or bad; may struggle with and experience conflicts of loyalty as perspective broadens.

Integrative Awareness: Has developed a secure, confident sense of racial/cultural identity; becomes multicultural; maintains pride in racial identity and cultural heritage; commits to supporting and appreciating all oppressed and diverse groups; tends to recognize racism as a societal illness by which all can be victimized.

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14
Q

What is face validity?

A

Face validity refers to what the test appears superficially to measure- whether the test “looks valid” to the examinees who take it, to technically untrained observers, etc.

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15
Q

What is construct validity?

A
  • involves looking at how well a test measures an underlying construct (e.g. creativity)
  • uses methods like factor analysis or the multi-trait, multi-method matrix
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16
Q

What is Criterion-related validity?

A

Criterion-related validity looks at how well a test predicts criterion outcome, by correlating scores on the predictor test with a measure of outcome.

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17
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

  1. Self-Actualization
  2. Esteem
  3. Belonging and love (described as social needs by Maslow)
  4. Safety
  5. Physiological
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18
Q

Equity Theory

A
  • Inequity = motivating state
  • Involves comparing ratio of one’s inputs/ outcomes vs. others’ inputs/ outcomes
    (also referred to as ratio of inputs and outputs sometimes)
  • People adjust their performance until ratio between their own inputs/outcomes vs other’s inputs/outcomes appears to be fair.

Examples:

  • An employee who works harder (compared to her co-workers) will try to increase her outcomes (e.g. salary) to match input (amount of work that she does).
  • Alternatively, she may reduce her inputs (amount of work) to match her outcomes (current salary) .
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19
Q

Overjustification Hypothesis

A
  • based on research showing that offering rewards/incentives for activities that had previously been intrinsically motivated resulted in subsequent decrease in interest in the rewarded activity.

Example: rewarding kids who already enjoy reading may lead to reduced interest in reading

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20
Q

Gain-Loss Theory

A

proposes that the people we like most are those who initially don’t like us and then cahnge their persepctive to come to like us.
- phenomenon is thought to result from the feeling that we have gained something.

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21
Q

Rational-Economic Model

A

aka Classical Decision Theory

  • involves exhaustively compiling all relevant info, investigating all possible solutions, and choosing the very best one.
  • rarely implemented in practice due to practical limitations of time and info-gathering.
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22
Q

What are the roots of Behavioral Marital Therapy?

According to this perspective, what is normal family functioning due to? What causes pathology?

A

Behavioral Marital Therapy is rooted in both social learning theory and behavioral analysis

Normal family functioning results when adaptive behavior is rewarded, maladaptive behavior is not reinforced, and benefits of being a member of the family outweigh the costs.

Pathology results from maladaptive behavior that is reinforced by family attention and reward, from deficient reward exchanges, and from communication deficits.

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23
Q

What child-rearing practices contribute to the development of altruism in children?

A
  • Assignment of responsibility
  • Modeling of positive behaviors
  • Inductive discipline (parent draws child’s attention to negative consequences that others suffer due to child’s bad behavior)
24
Q

What is inductive discipline? What is it good for?

A

In inductive discipline, the parent draws child’s attention to negative consequences that others suffer due to child’s bad behavior.
Believed to help child develop:
- empathy for others
- recognition that he/she is responsible for his/her own actions.

25
Q

How does biofeedback work? Does it involve sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system activity? What type of conditioning does it involve?

A

In Biofeedback, the patient receives feedback about status of certain biological functions, and is taught to regulate them through either visual or auditory reinforcement.

  • Biofeedback = OPERANT CONDITIONING of biological functions.
  • involves the INVOLUNTARY FUNCTIONS OF THE SYMPATHETIC branch of the ANS, with the goal of decreasing sympathetic arousal.
26
Q

What is the key principle underlying Montessori schools?

A

that maximum learning comes from manipulation of materials (e.g. sensory-motor stimuli), rather than through a traditional classroom instruction and rote learning.

27
Q

Describe Montessori schools

A

Based on key principle that maximum learning comes from manipulation of materials (e.g. sensory-motor stimuli), rather than through a traditional classroom instruction and rote learning.

  • Children in Montessori schools are grouped with peers of different ages and abilities (e.g. 3-5 y.o., 6-9 y.o., and 10 and up). Older children facilitate learning in the younger ones, and each child gets to experience being youngest and later being the oldest.
  • Children are encouraged to perform at their potential (they are not pushed to excel) with learning goals that are individually tailored.
28
Q

According to APA’s 2007 Record Keeping Guidelines, in the absence of superseding requirements, psychologists may:

A
  • retain a full set of records for adults for 7 years after the last date of service delivery.
  • for minors retain a full set of records for either 7 years or 3 years after the minor reaches the age of majority whichever is later.
29
Q

The correlation of IQ scores for siblings reared together is about:

A

.50

30
Q

The correlation of IQ scores for siblings reared apart is about:

A

.25

31
Q

The correlation of IQ scores for identical twins is about:

A

.75

32
Q

The correlation of IQ scores of parent and child is generally around:

A

between .40 and .45

33
Q

The EPPP is designed only to do what?

A

protect the public from those who do not have sufficient basic knowledge about psychology to be licensed.

https://aatbs.com/what-is-the-eppp

34
Q

Edgar Schein’s career model

A

CAREER ANCHORS
Schein developed a theory of Career Anchors according to which a person’s self-concept acts as an anchor, or stabilizing force, determining what future occupational decisions will be made. His research showed that people’s self-concepts or “career anchors” revolved around one of eight categories:

  • autonomy/independence
  • security/stability
  • technical/functional competence
  • general managerial competence
  • entrepreneurial creativity
  • service/dedication to a cause
  • pure challenge
  • lifestyle
35
Q

the greatest benefit to the company from implementing flextime is:

A

decreased tardiness and absenteeism

Other findings on benefits of flextime are mixed- some say it increases morale and productivity but it has most consistently been associated with decreased tardiness and absenteeism

36
Q

Describe Interval recording and when you would use it.

A

In Interval recording, the time period of observation is divided into smaller intervals (e.g. 1 hour broken into 12 5 minute intervals). Observer indicates whether the behavior is present at the end of each interval (momentary time sampling) or for the entire duration of the interval (whole-interval sampling).

Interval Recording is used when a behavior is not discrete and does not have a clear beginning or end.
- e.g., if a teaching assistant is asked to observe a hyperactive student’s on task-behavior

37
Q

Describe the different methods of Interval Sampling.

A

Momentary time sampling: observer notes if behavior was present at the moment the interval ends.

Whole-interval sampling: observer notes whether the behavior was present for the entire duration of the interval.

38
Q

Describe Event Recording. What is another name for it?

A

In Event Recording, the observer records the number of times the target behavior occurs.

Event Recording is used for discrete, easily measured behaviors, e.g., a child making her bed

Event Recording is also known as FREQUENCY RECORDING

39
Q

Describe the Bender-Gestalt II

A

Bender-Gestalt II: The Bender-Gestalt II is a measure of visual-motor integration skills for individuals 4 to 85 years of age. It requires examinees to reproduce geometric designs in two phases: the copy phase and the recall phase. It is considered to be useful as a screening tool for brain damage only when it is used in conjunction with other measures.

40
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development: Piaget identified three stages of moral development: During the premoral stage (birth to about 5 years), children have little understanding of rules and other aspects of morality. During the heteronomous stage (which begins at about 5 or 6), children believe that rules should always be followed and base their judgment of an act primarily on its consequences. Finally, during the autonomous stage (which begins at about 10 or 11), children believe that, in some circumstances, rules can be changed, and they judge an act primarily on the basis of the intention of the actor.

41
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A 
Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Linehan’s dialectical
behavior therapy (DBT) is an empirically supported treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder. It is based
on the assumption that BPD is due to pervasive emotion dysregulation, and it incorporates three strategies: (a) group skills training to develop mindfulness, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness; (b) individual outpatient psychotherapy to maintain motivation and strengthen newly acquired skills; and (c) telephone coaching to provide between-session support and promote skill generalization.
42
Q

HIPAA’s Privacy Rule

A

HIPAA’s Privacy Rule addresses the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), patients’ consent and authorization for the use of PHI, the right of patients to review their PHI, and the right of patients to request an accounting of disclosures of their PHI. For example, the Privacy Rules state that
a written authorization from a patient is ordinarily required prior
to disclosing PHI for reasons other than treatment, payment, or health care operations. When HIPAA provides greater protection of patients’ privacy or provides patients greater access to their own health information than state laws provide, HIPAA must be followed. However, when state laws provide greater protection or access, state laws must be followed.

43
Q

Equity Theory

A

Equity Theory: Theory which proposes that employees calculate their input/outcome ratios and compare these ratios to those of similar others. Inequity exists when
one perceives his or her own ratio to be either higher
or lower than the ratio of similar others. When inequity occurs, the person is motivated to restore equity by altering input, attempting to alter outcome, or changing his or her perceptions of input or outcome. Perception of underpayment is associated with decreased performance, motivation and satisfaction.

44
Q

Observational Learning

A

Observational Learning: Bandura’s observational learning theory predicts that behavior can be acquired simply
by observing a model perform that behavior and that observational learning is cognitively mediated and depends on four mechanisms - attention, retention, production, and motivation.

45
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect (Rosenthal Effect)

A

Experimenter Expectancy Effect (Rosenthal Effect): The effect that an experimenter unintentionally exerts on a research study, usually in a direction supporting the research hypothesis.

46
Q

Stages of Group Development

A

Stages of Group Development: Research on group processes has shown that the interactions between group members change in predictable ways over time. According to Tuckman and Jensen, these changes can be described in terms of five stages - forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

47
Q

Diagnostic criteria for intermittent explosive disorder in DSM-5

A

A. Recurrent behavioral outburst representing a failure to control aggressive impulses as manifested by either of the following:
1. Verbal Aggression (e.g., temper tantrums, tirades, verbal arguments or fights) or Physical Aggression toward property, animals, or other individuals, occurring twice weekly, on average, for a period of 3 months. The physical aggression does not result in damage or destruction of property and does not result in physical injury to animals or other individuals.
2. Three behavioral outbursts involving damage or destruction of property and/or physical assault involving physical injury against animals or other individuals occurring within a 12-month period.
B. Degree of aggressiveness is grossly out of proportion to any precipitating factors.
C. The recurrent aggressive outbursts are NOT PREMEDITATED (i.e., they are impulsive and/or anger-based) and are are NOT DONE TO ACHIEVE TANGIBLE OBJECT (e.g., money, power, intimidation).
D. Outbursts cause either marked distress in the individual or impairment in occupational or interpersonal functioning, or are associated with financial or legal consequences.
E. At least 6 years old (or equivalent developmental level)
F. Outbursts are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, a psychotic disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder) and are not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., head trauma, Alzheimer’s disease) or to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication). For children ages 6 to 18 years, aggressive behavior that occurs as part of an adjustment disorder should not be considered for this diagnosis.

48
Q

What is the two factor model of emotion, and who proposed it?

A

Proposed by Schachter and Singer (1962)

Theory about emotional experience that posits that individuals must first appraise a situation in order to determine their emotional states.

49
Q

Kelly’s theory of covariation model of attribution posits that individuals make assumptions about other people based on:

  • Personal experiences
  • Logic and Reason
  • External Influences
  • Internal Emotional Cues
A

Logic and Reason.

50
Q

Describe Kelly’s Theory of Covariation

A

Kelly’s theory of covariation model of attribution posits that individuals make causal attributions based on reason and logic when they assess covariation across situations.

Covariation of behavior is assessed used:

  • Consensus Info (how others act in same situation with same stimulus)
  • Distinctiveness Info (how others act in different situations with same stimulus)
  • Consistency Info (how often others perceive the same stimuli and respond in the same way)
51
Q

Rationalization

A

defense mechanism in which a person tries to adopt a more acceptable motive than another unacceptable one in order to reduce anxiety

52
Q

Intellectualization

A

defense mechanism in which a person overemphasizes thinking when confronted with unacceptable feelings or behaviors

53
Q

Repression

A

process of building psychic blocks to remove traumatic experiences from memory.

54
Q

Projection

A

occurs when a person who finds certain (of their own) thoughts or feelings to be unacceptable, and places those thoughts or feelings onto others

55
Q

Displacement

A

occurs when a person is not able to express his or her feelings toward the cause of those feelings, and releases that energy instead by targeting another.

56
Q

What does the Pearson product-moment correlation measure?

A

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (or Pearson correlation coefficient, for short) is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables and is denoted by r. Basically, a Pearson product-moment correlation attempts to draw a line of best fit through the data of two variables, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, r, indicates how far away all these data points are to this line of best fit (i.e., how well the data points fit this new model/line of best fit).

EPPP 2021 (8 decks)

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