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terms and models Flashcards

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1
Q

experimental design

A

manipulate IV, observe DV
intervention

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2
Q

non-experimental design

A

correlation

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3
Q

narrative review

A

overview of current knowledge, no new analysis

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4
Q

systematic review

A

RQ, intro, methods, results, discussion - no new analysis

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5
Q

meta-analysis

A

quantifies studies - new analysis

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6
Q

intention viability

A

lacking opportunity to act on intentions
counter intentional habits (smaller effect on behaviour when done freq)

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7
Q

intention activation

A

the context making someone do something is not accessible

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8
Q

intention elaboration

A

don’t know how to act on intention

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9
Q

monitoring progress

A

identify discrepancies
allocate effort
reference values (desired, past, others)

Private (reported)
private (not reported)
public

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10
Q

action planning

A

linking behaviours to the environment cues e.g. doing a behaviour at a certain time

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11
Q

ostrich problem

A

avoiding not making progress
denial

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12
Q

coping planning

A

planning how to overcome potential barriers

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13
Q

rubicon model

A
  1. pre-decisional phase - which goal
  2. pre-factional phase - when, where how (implementation intentions)
  3. action phase - take action
  4. post-actional phase - Evaluate
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14
Q

implementation intentions

A

‘if situation X arises… I will initiate behaviour Y’
if then format

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15
Q

affiliation

A

associating with others

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16
Q

multidimensional model of affiliation - hill, 1987

A

WHY PEOPLE AFFILIATE:
1. positive stimulation
2. emotional support
3. social comparison
4. receive attention

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17
Q

social affiliation model

A

homeostasis principle
people adjust behaviour to optimise socialisation - example of intrapersonal differences
solitude = seek affiliation
too much = withdraw

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18
Q

biological explanation- affiliation

A

interpersonal difference - desire to affiliate depends on the person
CNS arousal increases with social interaction - may explain why introverts avoid

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19
Q

culture

A

affiliation more common in individualistic countries

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20
Q

relational values

A

how important someone is

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21
Q

high relational value

A

acceptance

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22
Q

low relational value

A

rejection

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23
Q

4 ways to increase RV

A
  1. seeking approval by promoting socially desirable traits
  2. reciprocity - not reciprocating = unapproachable
  3. physical appearance = better looking people are more liked (self-fulfilling prophecy)
  4. achievement and competence = successful people have high RV
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24
Q

types of rejection

A

explicit (ostracism)
implicit (bullying) - interpersonal favouritism

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25
four fundamental human needs
belonging, control, self-esteem, meaningful existence
26
other 3 reactions to rejection
loneliness, hurt feelings, state self-esteem
27
sociometer
psychological system that monitors relational values in different social settings
28
explanations for social modelling
social approval (low self esteem and high empathy), informational influence, automatic mimicry with who we identify, same weight
29
descriptive norms
informational influence - most common behaviour 'join 75% of guests in help to save the environment '
30
injunctive norms
social approval - what is socially acceptable and enables affiliation personalised normative feedback - 'you'
31
prescriptive v proscriptive
focus on what others do/approve of v focus on what other do NOT do
32
delivery of social norms
social norms marketing perceived normative feedback
33
boomerang effect
happens when undesirable trait is more common unintended negative effects ex ; descriptive norm message on energy use
34
smith drinking evaluation
measured intentions individual differences
35
prosocial behaviour
acting in a positive way e.g. altruism
36
mutualism
benefits others and themselves
37
kin selection
bias towards blood relatives even if puts themselves in risk (think squirrels) evolution
38
limitations of mutualism and kin selection
doesn't explain altruism to strangers little empirical evidence
39
social psychological perspective on prosocial behaviour
social norms, social learning
40
social norms
reciprocity principle (help this who help us) social responsibility (help those in need), just-world hypothesis (help suffering to create peace) learnt and leads to social acceptance
41
social learning
children learn prosocial behaviours through reinforcement (instructions) and imitation exposure to models
42
lateen and Harley cognitive model
attend define emergency assume responsibility decide what to do = give help
43
bystander effect
people are less likely to help others when they are alone
44
processes of the bystander effect
1. diffusion of responsibility (hope someone else will help) 2. audience inhibition (self-conscious) 3. social influence (others seem less worried) MORE LIKELY TO HELP WHEN ALONE
45
bystander calculus model
physiological processes e.g. empathic response which is helping ones we feel are similar to ourselves labelling the arousal - hoping to reduce own emotional state evaluating the consequences of helping
46
perceived centered determinants
personality - different internal locus' of control, individuals who feel bad less likely to help mood competence group membership - perceiving to be similar responsibility for misfortune
47
bio approaches of aggression
psychodynamic - UNCONSCIOUS 'thanatos' redirect (catharsis) evolutionary - GENETIC SURVIVAL
48
limitations of bio approaches
no causality aggression outside of situations where its needed
49
biosocial approaches of aggression
frustration-aggression hypothesis - causes sublimation (using aggression in acceptable activity) and displacement (direct onto something else) excitation transfer - arousal in different contexts builds to aggression - misattributing arousal
50
critiques of biosocial approach
GOOD - meta-analysis showing displacement BAD - aggression without frustration exists can lead to more anger
51
social approaches of aggression
social learning theory - learnt through vicarious reinforcement in role models
52
critiques of social approaches
GOOD - empirical evidence BAD - gender differences
53
8 factors of aggression
gender - women = indirect aggression personality - high neuroticism attachment - insecure attachment = criminality (only male) heat - not linear alcohol - 68% of cases, placebo effect, compromises cortical control crowding disadvantaged groups - deprivation violent media
54
general aggression model
personal and situational variables influence cognition, affect and arousal
55
real world violence
institutionalised aggression, intimate partner violence
56
the dark triad
narcissism machiavellianism psychopathy
57
narcissism
require admiration, self obsessive envious of others, insecure measure - narcissistic personality inventory - 40 forced choice
58
machiavellian
manipulating others for the purpose of self gain have cynical view of the world measure - Mach IV - 20 questions with a scale
59
psychopathy
antisocial impulsive lack of emotion measure - self report psychopathy scale - 64 items with scale
60
measure the dark triad combined
the dirty dozen - 12 items disadvantage = not enough items, convergent validity the short dark triad - 27 items disadvantage = mach and psych merge into one
61
correlations of big five
all negatively associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness narcissism positively correlated with extraversion and openess
62
critique of dark triad
unification hypothesis - merge into one
63
light triad
humanism kantianism faith in humanity
64
humanism
value worth of each individual
65
kantianism
treating others how you would like to be treated
66
faith in humanity
believing in goodness of humans
67
light triad scale
12 items disadvantages = social desirability bias cross cultural validity
68
mean balance score of light v dark
1.3
69
nomological network
network of traits you'd expect to be associated with a trait
70
heritability estimate
percentage of variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes
71
concordance rates for aggression
43% Mz
72
Cohen 1991 effect sizes
s = .20 m = .50 l = .80

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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