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Cognitive Psychology > terms and models > Flashcards

terms and models Flashcards

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1
Q

gaze cueing

A

following gaze of someone else to look at same location

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2
Q

saccade

A

rapid eye movement

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3
Q

MRI scan

A

atoms align
radio waves so atoms face new direction
relax and emit energy = image

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4
Q

lower water content tissue in MRI scan

A

fewer hydrogen emitting signal = darker area on scan

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5
Q

fMRI

A

looks at blood flow
iron is magnetic
measure blood oxygen level dependent to see which areas active recently

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6
Q

BOLD response

A

diamagnetic = oxygenated = weak magnetic field
paramagnetic = deoxygenated = strong magnetic field

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7
Q

advantages of fMRI

A

good spatial resolution

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8
Q

disadvantages of fMRI

A

expensive, cant have metal

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9
Q

models in science

A

simplified representation of something

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10
Q

statistical model

A

relationship between variables

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11
Q

theoretical models

A

relationship between mental processes

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12
Q

box and arrow model

A

attended and unattended inputs - multi-staged
selective filler > high level processing > WM

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13
Q

formal models

A

computational
explicit and numerical predictions
more accurate

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14
Q

informal models

A

implicit directional predicitions

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15
Q

data

A

collected observations

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16
Q

hypothesis

A

narrow testable statement

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17
Q

theory

A

scientific proposition

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18
Q

framework

A

conceptual system

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19
Q

explanation without prediction

A

Sz

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20
Q

modular

A

body parts processed separately in brain

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21
Q

prediction without explanation

A

Alzheimers

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22
Q

David Marr’s level of analysis

A

top-down=
computational level - what is the goal?
algorithmic level - how
implementation level - how its done
too focused on theory

bottom up (the other way round)
too focused on how

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23
Q

Moravecs paradox

A

challenges easy for humans are hard for AI

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24
Q

body schema

A

internal representation of the body

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25
peripersonal space
space surrounding bodies expands with tool use
26
body image
conscious feeling about the body
27
name for inability to execute actions
autotopagnosia = no image , ideomotor apraxia = schems dsitortion Alice = both and size
28
cross modal intergration
bodies ability to combine different information from different senses
29
flexibility
switching between different behvaiours
30
executive functions
higher level cognitive skills
31
impulsive vs thoughtful response
automatic vs slower, accurate successful inhibition when stop impulsive response
32
model parameters
slope and threshold on a reaction time graph
33
go/ no go task
participants have to respond to GO while inhibiting response to NO GO
34
stop signal task
measures reactive inhibition (responding to questions but inhibiting when there's another)
35
race model of stopping
multiple processes in the brain to stop a response
36
proactive inhibition
adjusting behaviour in anticipation of inhibiting response
37
scala nature
ladder of being fish - amphibians - reptiles - birds - mammals
38
executive functions
high level processing in prefrontal crotex
39
delay activity
electrodes on prefrontal cortex one of two lights lit up - delay period - monkey chooses between left and
40
result of delay activity
more neuronal spikes when working memory used
41
dopamine and delay activity
neuromodulator conditioning acts as a criticism of delay activity task - monkeys delay in response may be due to reward anticipation
42
criticism of delay activity
may not be measuring working memory - as no manipulation of information
43
birds brains
avian brain palium areas
44
nidopallium caudolaterate
forebrain - covers cerebrum decision making, executive functions
45
pigeon experiment - is NcL same as PFC in humans?
A = remember sample = stimulus cue = audio telling to remember sample delay = 3 seconds compare between 2 stimulus and select correct one (with reward) B = forget cue tells pigeon to forget (same as other)
46
results of pigeon experiment
A = sustained neuronal activity (shows delay activity) B = decrease in neuronal activity when cue to forget
47
critique of pigeon experiment
could be due to reward prediction and preparation of motor response
48
working memory in crows - match to sample task
sample, delay then MCQ - crows selects sample prepares different movements so not preparing motor movements rewards were randomised neurons are selective during delay period
49
advantages and disadvantages of animal studies
adv: single cell recordings invasive spatial temporal accuracy disadvantage: invasive time difficult to remove confounds
50
working memory in honey bees
bee tunnel square pattern - has to learn then 3 tunnels - has to match sample and tunnel
51
results for working memory in honey bees
high performance with short delays WM of up to 6.5 seconds
52
object permanence in macaques
higher neuronal firing rate in unexpected emergence
52
learning of abstract concepts in. bees
match first sample (odour or colour) to second samples to reach feeder
53
mental time travel in scrub jays
anticipate other birds stealing food during caching suggests anticipation
54
theory of mind in chimpanzees
false belief tasks look at target more than distractor
55
tool use in rhesus monkeys and humnas/ crows
similar activation for hand objects humans have activation of inferior parietal lobe activation crows - understanding of purpose
56
reciprocal social attention
exchanging gaze to better social interaction
57
inhibition of return
people naturally avoid revisiting locations previously searched
58
brain as predictor frameqork
generate hypothesis, collect data test whether hypothesis predicts behaviour outcomes improves ecological validity
59
shared space of effect/ shared network
information successfully transferred from one brain to another (hyper scanning) (similar to 2nd person neuroscience)
60
fusiform gyrus
face identification
61
amygdala and hippocampus
gaze direction, eye contact, emotion
62
when do babies first direct attention to eyes
by 3 months
63
multisensory neuron with receptive field
visual stimulation near hand body-part-centered
64
spatial remapping
interference between visual and tactile stimuli changes with posture
65
crossmodal congruency effect
perception one sensory modality is influenced by congruency/incongruency in another sensory modality
66
characteristics of body schema
modular, spatially coded (representation in external space), interpersonal (others actions same), updated with movement (posture), adaptable (tools), coherent (illusions), supra modal integration
67
theories of sensory conflict
visual dominance modality precision weighting based on uncertainty
68
behavioural inhibition v cognitive inhibition
B = stopping action C =stopping mental processes
69
visual dominance hypothesis
visual info has more dominance
70
modality precision hypothesis
perception skewed towards the more reliable modality
71
body schema development
6 months
72
point of subjective equality
point where people cant distinguish what is taller (50%) - closer to vision in example (equally likely to say...)
73
normative v process model
how should be done vs how it is
74
normative integration
pick what minimised sensory uncertainty
75
integrating probabilities
low variance = low uncertainty high variance = high uncertainty

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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