Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Developmental Psychology > terms and models > Flashcards

terms and models Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

lexical

A

sound of the word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hockey’s design features of language

A

arbitrariness (no connection between sound and message)
displacement (communicate about things not present)
productivity (new utterances)
duality of patterning (meaningless segments made meaningful)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

morphological

A

structure - words made up of morphemes
plurals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phonological

A

sounds of letter
phonemes - different sounds changing meaning (smallest segmental unit of sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prosodic

A

rhythms - how it comes across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

syntactic

A

arrangement of words in a sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

semantic

A

understanding of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pragmatics

A

use of words in different contexts
consider other person
be aware of impact of words used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

7 months - language

A

reduplicated and canonical babbling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

joint attention

A

9 months
social pragmatic cues + intention reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

10 months - language

A

babbling becomes frequent sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1 year - language

A

longer strung sounds
stress patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 years - language

A

faster at recognising speech sounds
children look at right picture as they get older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

conditioned head turning

A

learn to turn head when hear new sound (rewarded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vocal tract development

A

limited due to :

size and placement of tongue in relation to vocal cavity
neuromuscular limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pointing as a gesture

A

imperatively, declaratively, interrogatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

volterra 1975

A

perlocutionary stage - effect on listener - not intentional
illocutionary stage - non verbal signals - intentional
locutionary stage - speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

syntactic bootstrapping

A

using the context to guess meaning of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

morphological trajectory

A
  1. inflections (notice ed changes)
  2. apply inflection
  3. realise not all words follow same pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

noam Chomsky - theory of grammatical development

A

suggests inborn ability known as universal grammar
nativist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

constructivist approach

A

learnable, social contexts and emphasises learning mechanisms

not fully worked out how learning mechanisms interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Morris’ semiotic triangle

A

signs, real world conditions, listener link together = semiosis

repairing utterances is good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DLD

A

developmental language disorder
2/30 children
heterogeneous sub-groups like ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

deafness

A

sensorineural deafness = inner ear
auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (sounds disrupted in brain)
conductive deafness = blockages
= delays in pragmatics and social cognition (ToM)

can be bilateral and unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
rejected children
aggressive rejection = poor self control non-aggressive rejection = anxious, withdrawn
26
factors affecting peer status
temperament past appearance social skills
27
types of play
parallel social pretend play co-operating chimps don't re-engage
28
social information processing Crick n Dodge
encode cues interpret cues goals review possibilities decide on action act all rely on database
29
emotional contagion
unconsciously mimicking emotions of others
30
mimicry
imitating others
31
Piaget stages of development of moral reasoning
premoral (0-5) moral realism (5-10) moral subjectivism (10+)
32
Kohlberg stages
pre conventional (0-9) conventional (adult) post conventional - gender + culture bias
33
Tomasello and Vaish
1. second person morality = responding to others 2. agent-neutral morality = expand to strangers
34
altruism
behaviour performed for unselfish motives
35
pro sociality
multifaceted
36
comforting
starts in second year age 3 = responsive to others distress genetic influence - affects response to distress
37
helping
response to instrumental need 12 months - point to show help 30 months - acquired reasoning skills
38
sharing
6 months - affiliative sharing 9-10 months - active object sharing 18 months - resource sharing (requires support from parents) 3years - reciprocity and understanding of fairness samoan children shared more
39
disadvantageous inequity aversion
middle childhood don't like seeing others unfairly treated
40
advantageous equity aversion
variability in feelings of fairness or discomfort you take sweets
41
is altruism innate?
yes - displayed early in development no - could be motivation for social interaction
42
ontogenesis
the process of development from childhood to maturity
43
development as a lifelong process
there are diverse patterns of ageing that differ in timing
44
stereotype threat effect
underperforming due to a negative stereotype
45
multidirectionality lifespan perspective
different viewpoints on trajectory of development
46
development as gain/loss
age increases and gains decrease
47
plasticity
baseline performance = how well u perform without help baseline reserve capacity = best you do with optimum resources developmental reserve capacity = when you have put in effort
48
historical embeddedness
sociocultural influence
49
contextualism as paradigm
age-graded influence history-graded influence non-normative influence
50
multidisiplinary
biology, sociology etc
51
positive social network benefits
better cognition reduced dementia better recovery from stroke lower risk of mortality
52
socioemotional selectivity theory
emotional trajectory > emotional satisfaction knowledge trajectory > adaptation success
53
older people v younger in study
bias towards positive faces less reactive in high stress
54
ageing paradox
despite declines in health, report positive relationships and well-being
55
semantic memory
knowledge
56
why do older adults outperform younger adults on vocabulary and knowledge tests?
densely networked semantic memory more semantic priming age impaired areas less involved in SM
57
dual process theory and ageing
EM declines familiarity stays intact hippocampus and caudate nucleus decline (recall) entorhinal cortex stays intact (recognition)
58
associative deficit hypothesis
worse = memory for associations intact = memory for individual items
59
source monitoring framework
worse = memory for source and context intact = memory for specific items
60
processing speed in older age
prioritise accuracy lower WM capacity - due to high stress (Marshall et al 2015)
61
baltes model
cultural/environmental factors less important to biological factors to explain age-related changes in cognition
62
what phase of sleep do older people experience more
slow wave sleep
63
differential preservation hypothesis
protects against age related decline in mental ability
64
common cause hypothesis
cognitive decline related to neurological deterioration (sensorimotor ability)
65
linderberger and Baltes - Berlin aging study
sensorimotor factor (vision, hearing, gait) affected intelligence with age
66
sensory deprivation
declining sensory acuity = social withdrawal = decline in cognitive ability
67
ageing disrupting memory in sws
increased cortisol affects cortisol receptors in hippocampus = affects memory transfers to neocortex
68
physical exercise and cognitive ability
improves however strongest on executive tasks (planning etc) increases volume in grey and white matter increased hippocampus volume by 2%
69
mental exercise
stronger positive correlations between high cognitive leisure and cognitive ability
70
issues in training literature
publication bias practical, theoretical, methodological
71
Karbach and Verhaegen meta analysis
training gains trained and transfer tasks no age difference
72
training transfers
near - WM task medium - updating task far - reasoning
73
active engagement leisure activity
positively linked to physical function, mental health and cognitive function
74
park et al 2013 - training lifestyles
intervention phase - productive negagement or receptive engagement (familiar exp) episodic memory benefited the most from intervention
75
disconnect in the lab and real life
may over exaggerate the negative correlation between cognitive decline and age prosocial behaviour increases
76
Berlin wisdom paradigm
factual knowledge procedure knowledge life-span contextualism value relativism and tolerance awareness and management of uncertainty
77
wisdom
non-significant relationship between wisdom and age younger adults had more wisdom for marital conflict
78
expertise in chess
performance increases up to early 20s and plateaus to 35 years
79
associative binding deficits
difficulties in connecting pieces of information in memory.
80
expertise
expertise doesn't protect against age-related decline in a domain of expertise

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions