Terms and Rules

Question 1

Sig fig rule for multiplication and division

Answer 1

The answer cannot be more precise than the measurement with the fewest significant figures.

Question 2

Sig fig rule for adding and subtracting

Answer 2

The answer must have the same decimal places as the least precise measurement or the least amount of decimal places.

Question 3

Quadratic Equation

Answer 3

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

Question 4

Linear Equation

Answer 4

y = mx + b

y, x = variables

m = slope

b = y-intercept

Question 5

Quadratic Formula

Answer 5

x = [-b +/- sqrt((b^2)-4ac)]/2a

Question 6

Logarithm (Base-10)

Answer 6

Base-10 Logarithm of a number z is the power (x) to which 10 must be raised to equal z

b^x = a <-> logba

Question 7

Antilog

Answer 7

Used to find the # corresponding to a certain logarithm

To calculate, raise the power of x to the base

Question 8

Natural Logarithm

Answer 8

When the base of the logarithm is e and abbreviated as ln

e^lnx = x <-> ln e^x = x

Note: The inverse of the exponential function

Question 9

Exponential Function

Answer 9

f(x) = e^x

Question 10

Product Rule for Natural Logarithms

Answer 10

ln(xy) = ln(x) + ln(y)

Question 11

Quotient Rule for Natural Logarithms

Answer 11

ln(x/y) = ln(x) - ln(y)

Question 12

Power Rule for Natural Logarithms

Answer 12

ln(x^a) = aln(x)

Question 13

Relationship between log and ln?

Answer 13

ln(x)
= ln(10^log(x))
= log(x)ln(10)
= 2.303log(x)

Question 14

Hydrated Salts

Answer 14

When salts are formed from solution, water gets caught in their newly formed lattice structure creating hydrated salts

Question 15

How to name hydrated salts

Answer 15

Add the prefix for number of water molecules to “hydrate”

Ex. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.

Question 16

Naming Polyatomic Compounds and Ions

Answer 16

Parent ion - Suffix “-ate”

Add O - Add prefix “per-“

Remove one O - Suffix changes to “-ite”

Remove two O - Add prefix “hypo-“

Question 17

Naming Transition Metal Ionic Compounds (Group 3-12)

Answer 17

Add “-ide” suffix to non-metal

Use roman numerals to specify the charge of the metal

Old Rules:

Lowest charge metal suffix “-ous”
Highest charge metal suffix “-ic”

Question 18

Oxidation States

Answer 18

The hypothetical charge of an atom if all its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. The charge may be positive, negative or zero.

Question 19

Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds (Salts)

Answer 19

Name the metal first

Name the non-metal and add the suffix “-ide”

Question 20

Prefix for 1 Atom (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 20

Mono-

Note: Not used on the first element in a compound

Question 21

Prefix for 2 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 21

Di-

Question 22

Prefix for 3 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 22

Tri-

Question 23

Prefix for 4 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 23

Tetra-

Question 24

Prefix for 5 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 24

Penta-

Question 25

Prefix for 6 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 25

Hexa-

Question 26

Prefix for 7 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 26

Hepta-

Question 27

Prefix for 8 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 27

Octa-

Question 28

Prefix for 9 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 28

Nona-

Question 29

Prefix for 10 Atoms (Molecular/Inorg)

Answer 29

Deca-

Question 30

Prefix for Naming Diatomic Molecules

Answer 30

"Di-"

Question 31

Ionic Compound

Answer 31

Metal cation (+) + Non-metal Anion(-) Electrostatic interaction (attraction or repulsion between objects with opposite or identical charges) cause the charges to balance

Question 32

Molecular Compound

Answer 32

Two or more non-metal elements bonded together

Question 33

Does group 16 or gain e-? Overall charge?

Answer 33

Gain 2e- Overall charge 2-

Question 34

Does group 17 or gain e-? Overall charge?

Answer 34

Gain 1e- Overall charge 1-

Question 35

Which group doesn't usually gain or lose e-?

Answer 35

Group 18 Noble Gases

Question 36

Does group 13 lose or gain e-? What is their overall charge?

Answer 36

Lose 3e- Overall charge 3+

Question 37

Does group 2 lose or gain e-? What is their overall charge?

Answer 37

Alkaline Earth Metals Lose 2e- Overall charge 2+

Question 38

What is the overall charge of compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus?

Answer 38

Gain 3e- Form nitrides and phosphides Over -3 charge Note: Group 14 and 15 may lose or gain e-

Question 39

Does group 1 lose or gain e-? What is their overall charge?

Answer 39

Alkali Metals Lose 1e- 1+ charge

Question 40

Anions

Answer 40

Gain e- Become negatively charged

Question 41

Cations

Answer 41

Lose e- Become positively charged

Question 42

Halogens (Group 17)

Answer 42

F - Fluorine Cl - Chlorine Br - Bromine I - Iodine At - Astatine

Question 43

Noble Gases (Group 18)

Answer 43

Ne - Neon Ar - Argon Kr - Krypton Xe - Xenon Rn - Radon

Question 44

Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

Answer 44

Be - Beryllium Mg - Magnesium Ca - Calcium Sr - Strontium Ba - Barium Ra - Radium

Question 45

Alkali Metals (Group 1)

Answer 45

Li - Lithium Na - Sodium K - Potassium Rb - Rubidium Cs - Cesium Fr - Francium

Question 46

RSD

Answer 46

Relative Standard Deviation The deviation of a set of numbers disseminated around the mean

Question 47

Relative Standard Deviation

Answer 47

RSD = s/x = stardard deviation/mean Note: Expressed as a percent or parts per thousand (ppt)

Question 48

Formula for Standard Deviation

Answer 48

s = sqrt[(1/N-1)((x1-x)^2+(x2-x)^2+...+(xN-X_^2)] x = average xN = measurement in a set N = # of measurements in a set

Question 49

Standard Deviation

Answer 49

The measure of the amount of variation of a random variable expected about its mean.

Question 50

Formula for Average or Mean

Answer 50

x = 1/N (x1 + x2+...+xN)

Question 51

Precision

Answer 51

This is how close a collection of measurements are to each other.

Question 52

Accuracy

Answer 52

This is how close a measurement is to the actual value.

Question 53

Real Numbers

Answer 53

A number that can be used to measure a one-dimensional quantity. They include rational and irrational numbers.

Question 54

Irrational Numbers

Answer 54

A real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers Ex. Pi, sqrt(2), e

Question 55

Rational Numbers

Answer 55

A number that can be expressed as a fraction where the numerator and denominator are integers and the denominator cannot be zero.

Question 56

Integer

Answer 56

A whole number that is positive, negative, or zero.

Question 57

Naming Rules for Inorganic Aqueous Acids

Answer 57

Anion **ends in "-ate"**, the acid is named **"-ic acid"** as the suffix Anion **end in "-ite"**, the acid is named **"-ous acid"** as the suffix Anion **ends in "-ide"**, the acid is named **"hydro-...-ic acid"** *HClO3 > ClO3^- chlorate ion > chloric acid HClO2 > ClO2^- chlorite ion > chlorous acid HF > hydrogen fluoride > hydrofluoric acid*

Question 58

Isomers

Answer 58

They are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.