Terms Test: 2 Flashcards
(32 cards)
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned earlier, as on a multiple-choice test
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system– for example, by extracting meaning
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
retrieval
the process of getting info out of memory storage
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone # while calling, before the info is stored or forgotten
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information retrieved from long-term memory
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory)
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (Also called non declarative memory)
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
deep processing
encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems )the other is episodic memory)
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid simulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective helping us recall it
