test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
sagittal plane, midsagittal, parasagittal
A
divide the body vertically into right and left sides, down the middle, unequal sides
2
Q
transverse plane
A
divides the body horizontally into upper and lower
3
Q
frontal plane (coronal)
A
divides into anterior and posterior plane
4
Q
Ipsilateral
A
situated on or affecting the same side of the body
5
Q
contralateral
A
situated on or affecting the opposite side of the body
6
Q
forehead
A
frons
7
Q
skull
A
cranium
8
Q
eye
A
oculus
9
Q
face
A
facies
10
Q
cheek
A
bucca
11
Q
nose
A
nasus
12
Q
mouth
A
oris
13
Q
neck
A
cervicis
14
Q
chin
A
mentis
15
Q
armpit
A
axilla axillary
16
Q
chest
A
thorax or thorcis
17
Q
arm
A
brachium
18
Q
breast
A
mamma
19
Q
front of elbow
A
antecubital
20
Q
abdominal
A
abdomen
21
Q
forearm
A
antebrachium
22
Q
hip
A
hip coxal
23
Q
navel
A
umbilicus
23
Q
navel
A
umbilicus
24
wrist
carpus
25
thumb
pollex
26
groin
inguen
27
palm
palma palmar
28
fingers
digits (phalanges)
29
kneecap
patella
30
thigh
femur
31
leg
crus
32
ankle
tarsus
33
toes
digits (phalanges)
34
great toe
hallux
35
pes
foot
36
shoulder
acromial
37
head
cephalon
38
neck
cervicis (cervical)
39
back
dorsum dorsal
40
arm
brachium brachial
41
back of elbow
olecranon olecranal
42
loin
lumbus lumbar
43
buttock
gluteus gluteal
44
back of knee
popliteus popliteal
45
hand
manus manual
46
calf
sura sural
47
heel or foot
calcaneus calacaneal
48
sole of foot
planta plantar
49
what is a tissue?
groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform common function
50
what are the 4 types of tissue in the body
connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous
51
subdivisions of connective tissue?
blood, bone (compact, spongy), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), connective tissue proper (loose - areolar, adipose, reticular) (dense - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
52
connective tissue made up of?
loosely packed cells eg. fibroblasts, fibers (proteins) - collagen (strength), elastic (elasticity), reticular (form scaffolding for other cells), ground substance - gel-like - water with dissolved proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans
53
the extracellular matrix is made of
fibers and ground substance
54
dense connective tissue types
dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
55
is cartilage avascular?
yes
56
pelvis
pelvic
57
below the lumbar
sacrum sacral
58
what are joints?
they are connections between bone and bone, bone and cartilage, bone and teeth
59
what are articulations and arthroses (singular = arthrosis)
it is another terms for joints
60
how are joints classified by
function (how much movement do they allow)
or structure (their component parts; what makes up the joint)
61
what are the different function joint movements?
synarthrosis/es (almost) no movement like sutures in skull
amphiarthrosis/es: some movement
diarthrosis/es free moving like hips and knees
62
what are the different joint structures classifications
fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial
63
what is fibrous joint
dense connective tissue "bridges gap"
64
how many types of fibrous joint
3 suture, syndesmosis/es, gomphosis/es
65
what is a cartilaginous joint
cartilage "bridges gap"
66
how many types of cartilaginous joints
2 synchondrosis/es, symphysis/es
67
what is a synovial joint
synovial fluid in capsule "bridges gap"
68
how many types of synovial joints
6 planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoid), saddle, ball and socket
69
do synovial joints have substance?
no
70
are all synovial joints diarthrotic
yes
71
are sutures found exclusively in the skull?
yes
72
is syndesmosis tightly held together?
no, you can visualize the dense connective tissue if possible
73
what does gomphosis fibrous joint do
tooth into the socket specifically
74
are the sutures in a newborn/infants closed together?
no, because the brain needs to grow
75
what are in these gaps of the sutures of babies
fontanelles
76
what type of cartilage is synchondrosis joints
hyaline cartilage
77
what is in symphysis joints
fibrocartilage
78
is symphyses joints stronger than synchondroses joints?
yes because of fibrocartilage
79
all costochondral joints are ....
synchondroses joints
80
what happens if fracture on epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?
one limb might be longer than the other
81
what is synostosis
the growth plate closes at a certain age
82
the epiphyseal plate is .....
temporary
83
are some synchondrosis joints permanent?
yes
84
the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by .... and this joint is called what
fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis
84
the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by ....
fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis
85
what unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertical column and what kind of joint is it?
intervertebral disc and is a symphysis type of joint
86
what holds synovia fluid?
it is in a joint capsule which has dense connective tissue proper on the outside
87
articular cartilage is also known as ....
hyaline cartilage
88
what is the swelling of bursas called?
bursitis
89
pivot joint allows for ... and what structure
roration around an axis and one bone rounded, other "ring" of bone plus ligament
90
hinge joint at the elbow acts like a and what is their structure
door hinge and one bone end concave and one bone end convex
91
a saddle joint is the
articulation between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb
92
plane joints allow for and what is their structure
gliding movements between bones and flat or slightly curved
93
hip and shoulder joints are the .... and are they the only ones in the body?
ball-and-socket joints and yes
94
which joints are monaxial or uniaxial
hinge, pivot
95
which joints are biaxial
planar or plane, condyloid or ellipsoid, saddle
96
which joints are multiaxial
ball and socket
97
condyloid joints look like
oval-shaped and one bone convexed and other bone oval shaped concave
98
arthritis is a what
disorder of synovial joints that involves inflammation of the joint
99
osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis
true
100
what causes osteoarthritis
wear and tear, physical labour, fat, and aging
101
rheumatoid arthritis impacts several joints
true
102
what causes rheumatoid arthritis
own body decides to inflame the synovial membrane
103
rheumatoid arthritis is not an autoimmune failure
false
104
an interosseous membrane forms a what
syndesmosis fibrous joint
105
side flexion (lateral flexion)
bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side
106
dorsiflexion
movement of the ankle so the toes faces up
107
plantarflexion
movement of the ankle so that the toes are pointed downward
108
radial deviation
toward the radius bone, or thumb side
109
internal/medial rotation
turning movement toward the midline
110
external/lateral rotation
turning movement away from the midline
111
circumduction
circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
112
inversion
movement of the foot so that the sole is turned medially
113
eversion
movement of the foot so that the sole is turned laterally
114
retrusion
located posterior to the normal position
115
protrusion
located forward of the normal position
116
lateral excursion/lateral deviation
moves the mandible away from midline
117
medial excursion/medial deviation
moves the mandible back to midline
118
opposition of thumb
the movement of the thumb across the palm to contact the other fingers
119
reposition of thumb
returning thumb next index finger in anatomical position
120
ulnar deviation
toward the ulna or pinky finger side
121
muscles are required for what
movement
122
naming muscle by sizes, what are the terms for largest, medium and smallest
maximus, medius, minimus
123
by size muscle, what are the terms for long and short
longus, brevis
124
what are the muscle terms for straight and at an angle
rectus, oblique
125
when the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named ...
first
126
whats the difference between origin and insertion
insertion is the moving part and pulled, origin stays stable
127
prime mover or agonist
the prime and main muscles involved in a movement (forearm flexion, biceps brachii and brachialis are the agonists)
128
synergist
the assisting muscles to help the agonists (the brachioradialis helps the forearm flexion)
129
fixator
stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin
130
antagonist
is the muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover (elbow flexion would be triceps brachii)
131
what are the 2 important roles in muscle function for antagonists
1. they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect, 2. they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch
132
what muscle does not attach to bone or pull on bone
orbicularis oculi (around the eyes), orbicularis oris (around the mouth)
133
the nervous system is made up of?
CNS and PNS
134
what is in the CNS
brain and spinal cord
135
what is in the PNS
everything else
136
nervous tissue is made up of
neurons and glial cells
137
glial cell
provide a framework of tissue that supports the neurons and their activities
138
what do neurons have?
a cell body or soma, has processes (extensions) like axon (fiber that connects a neuron with its target), dendrite (for receiving input from other neurons)
139
where is the axon terminal
at the end of the axon, ends called a synaptic end bulb, which make the connection with the target cell at the synapse
140
roles of neurons in the nervous system
receiving information about the environment (sensation) and generate a response to that info (motor responses), process of integration which takes input and cognitive elements to generate a response
141
somatic nervous system
voluntary and innervation of skeletal muscles
142
autonomic nervous system
involuntary, innervation of glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
143
sensory (afferent) division contains which sensory
somatic and visceral
144
motor (efferent) division has which systems
somatic and autonomic
145
ANS divides into
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
146
where are the lower motor neurons originating
ventral horn of the spinal cord
147
what is neuron vs nerve
neuron is a single nerve/axon, nerve is group of neurons/axons in the PNS (1 nerve may consist of 100's-1000's of neurons)
148
spinal nerves
packages of neurons as they travel in the region of the intervertebral foramen beside the spinal cord
149
sciatic nerve
back of leg
