TEST 1 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Prokaryote size
A
.5-10 um
2
Q
eukaryote size
A
5-100um
3
Q
metabolic rate of prokaryotes
A
inversely related to size
4
Q
as cell size increases so does the need for
A
structures that facilitate active transport
if small enough diffusion may be enough to support metabolism
5
Q
Robert Hooke
A
made first description of microorganisms using microscop
6
Q
leeuwenhoek
A
first person to see bacteria
7
Q
magnification
A
capasity of microscope to enlarge image
8
Q
resolution
A
ability to distinguish two objects as distinct objects
9
Q
koch
A
1)created germ theory of infection disease
2) proved diseases came from bacteria using kochs postulate
3) created agar plates/petri dishes w/associates
4) first to culture tuberculosis
10
Q
Pasteur
A
1)found isomers/microbes can choose isomers
2)found microbes make fermentation
3)opposed spontaneous generation
4) found sterile objects don’t decompose/putrify
5)vaccine for anthrax rabies cholera
11
Q
Winogradsky
A
1)proved bacteria could live off inorganic compounds
2)proved bacteria got carbon from CO2 and energy from light
3)found most bacteria dont grow on agar plates
12
Q
Beijerinck
A
1)Made enrichment culture technique
2)first to view virus (of tobacco)
3) first to isolate green algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria
13
Q
Enrichment cultures
A
employ techniques that selectively encourage growth of specific microbes
14
Q
chemolithotrophy
A
metabolic process in which energy for growth is produced by only inorganic compounds
oxidation of inorganic compounds occurs
15
Q
archea membrane
A
have ether linkages from phospholipid head to tail
major lipids are isoprenes not fatty acids
also has ring structures
16
Q
aseptic technique
A
practices that create and maintain sterile media
17
Q
bacillus
A
pill shaped
18
Q
Coccus
A
spherical
19
Q
disinfection
A
elimiation of vegatative forms of microorganisms besides bacterial spores
20
Q
Eukaryotes
A
large
5-200um
has organelles, many plasma membranes
linear DNA in nucleus
reproduces many ways
21
Q
integral membrane proteins
A
proteins embedded into membrane
21
Q
light microscopes
A
compound light, bright field
22
Q
peripheral membrane proteins
A
loosly attached proteins to membrane
23
Q
prokaryote/eukaryote membrane
A
8-10nm
has ester linkage on phospholipid tail to head
24
Prokaryotes
small
.2-5um
circular chromosome
DNA aggregates in part of cell
has plasmid
no organelles
25
scanning electron microscope
3D image of surrounding area of microorganism
26
spirillium
flexible spiral
27
spirochete
rigid spiral
28
transmission electron microscope
views inside microorganism
2D image
29
Bacterial/Eukaryotic Membrane
phospholipid bilayer
fatty acid tail
30
amphiphathic
when a integral protein crosses external/internal environment, it has to have both hydrophobic/philic parts
31
Archeal Membranes
Ether linkages between head an tails
can have rings in tails
uses isoprenes instead of fatty acids
32
simple transport
driven by diffusion of protons
33
symport
solute & H+ are transported in 1 direction
34
antiport
solute & H+ are transported in opposite direction
35
Active transport methods
simple transport
group translocation
ABC system
36
Group translocation
substance is chemically modified
ATP drives transport (usually)
37
ABC transporter
-ATP has a binding site
-ATP drives uptake of substance
binding proteins guides substance into transporter protein into cell
38
Gram positive meaning
inner membrane + outer thick cell wall
39
Gram negative meaning
inner membrane
cell wall
outer membrane
+ periplasm in between cell wall and membranes
40
Peptidoglycan
found in all bacteria w/cell wall
not found in archea/eukarya
has B 1-4 linkages in sugar backbone
can be destroyed by lysozyme
41
Psedomurein
found in archeal cell wall
has B 1-3 linkages in sugar backbone
cant be destroyed by lysozyme
42
Lipopolysaccharide
-out layer of most gram negative cells
-second lipid bilayer
-facilitates surface recognition/strength
contains porins (transport proteins)
43
capsules
polysaccaride coat tightly attached around the cell membrane
44
slime layer
loosly attached and easily deformed polysaccaride layer around cell membrane
45
Functions of slime and capsule coats
-prevents dehydration
-helps attach to surfaces
-helps infectivity by preventing destruction by host organisms immune responce
46
type 4 pili functions
adhere to host tissues and support twitching motility
47
pili are produced by what bacteria
all gram negative and gram positive bacteria
48
pellicles
sheets of bacteria on liquid surface
49
overall pili functions
enables bacteria to form biofilms
50
Fimbriae
short pili mediating attachment
(what you think of normally when you think of micropili)
51
Conjugative/sex pili
allows for horizontal gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact
52
hami
"grappling hooks” assist in surface attachment, forming
biofilms.
Found in archaea only
53
cell inclusion
-prokaryotic only
-energy/carbon/phosphorous reserve in cytoplasm
-membrane enclosed
-reduces osmotic stress
54
PHB
used for carbon storage
broken down as needed
found in cytoplasm
55
phosphate, sulfure and carbonate mineral inclusions
inclusion bodies carrying those same atoms
made in excess
broken down when limited
can reside in cyto and periplasm
56
Gas vesicles
-provides buoyancy
-lets bacteria float to surface for max light exposure for photosynthesis
-permeable to gas not water
57
endospores
dormant cells resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, drying and lack of nutrients
Found ONLY in gram positive bacteria
58
endospore formation
-normal cells grow endospore during time of excess
-will be dormant until lack of nutrient availability occurs
-once triggered, it turns into a normal cell quickly
59
endospore formation steps
activation, germination, outgrowth
60
polar flagella
flagella one or many are anchored to one end of cell
61
lophotrichous
several flagella anchored to one spot
62
amphitichous
several flagella anchored to the two poles of the cell membrane
63
peritrichous
several flagella anchored around all sides of membrane
64
flagella structure
-rigid and helical
-reversible rotating machine
-uses proton diffusion to rotate flagella
-filament (tail)
-hook (connects tail to motor)
-basal body (motor)
65
archella
-smaller than flagella
-related more to pili than flagella
-uses atp to move
-moves slower than flagella
66
surface motility
slower than swimming
requires type 4 pili
movement occurs away from colony
67
steps for surface motility
-extend from one cell pole
-attachment of pili to surface
-retraction of pili pulling cell towards grasping spot
68
gliding motility
-has helical intracellular protein track with adhesion proteins that allows for smooth motion across surface
69
chemotaxis
directed movement in response to chemical stimuli
70
planktonic growth
growth in free floating/swimming cells
71
sessile growth
growth attached to a surfacea
72
biofilms
cells attached to a polysaccaride matrix covering a surface
73
stages of biofilm growth
attachment of planktonic cells
Growth of bacteria and polysaccaride matrix & change of metabolisms
dispersal
74
Metabolic requirements for all cells
water
carbon and nutrients
free energy
reducing power
74
anabolic
build up
energonic
74
exergonic
energy is release
-delta G
74
endergonic
enery is needed
+delta G
74
catabolic
breakdown
exergonic
75
phototrophs
gets energy from light
doesnt need chemicals for energy
can produce O2
76
chemotrophs
getes energy from chemical reactions
can be aerobic/anaerobic
77
chemoorganotrophs
gets energy from organic material
78
chemolithotrophs
gets energy from inorganic material
79
heterotrophs
gets carbon from organic materials
80
autotrophs
gets carbon from CO2
81
reduction potential
tendancy to donate electrons
82
negative reduction potential
will donate electron
83
positive electron potential
will accept electron
83
prosthetic group enzyme
permanantly bound to catalyztic enzyme
84
coenzymes
loosely bound
leaves and rebinds to catalytic enzyme
85
glycolysis products
4 ATP
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
86
two main stages of glycolysis
1-prep phase-forms key intermediate
2-redox phase- energy conserved w pyruvate
87
enzymes function as what in the cell
catalysts for reactions
88
pyruvate is made of what
3 carbons
89
glucose is made of what
6 carbons
90
glycolysis evolved before what
widespread presence of oxygen
91
glycolysis and TCA cycle both generate what
NADPH
92
true or false, in aerobic respiration is glucose is ONLY to be oxidized into pyruvate?
false
93
TCA cycle products
1 pyruvate is oxidized to 3 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH
4 NADH
94
what is made from decarboxylated pyruvate in glycolysis
acetyl coA
95
products from TCA cycle
oxaloacetate
2 CO2
FADH
96
Fermentation products
produces NAD from NADH
2 ATP
97
NADH goes to NAD in fermentation for what reason?
to produce ATP
98
in respiration what is re-produced from glycolysis
NADH and FADH2
99
quinones
non protein electron carriers
100
flavoproteins
-takes 2e- and 2h
donates 2 e
-releases H into cytoplasm for proton gradient
101
NADH dehydrogenases
turns NADH into NAD+
102
cytochromes
-proteins that have heme groups
-oxidizes/reduces using its iron group
103
acyl carrier protein function
holds growing fatty acid chain during synthesis and releases it once finished
104
typical bacterial fatty acid chain
C12-C20
105
ATP and NADPH requirements for glucose synthese
18 ATP
12 NADPH
106
Atmospheric sources of C&N need to be what before being used in cell functions
fixed
107
nitrogenase
fixes nitrogen
inhibited by oxygen
only used in absense of oxygen
108
Cellular carbon skeletons are made up of what
intermediates of glycolysis
109
how are fatty acid chains started
with glycerol
110
defined media
exact chemical composition known
111
complex media
composed of digests from organic sources
112
selective media
has compounds that selectively inhibit all but desired microbe
113
differential media
contains indicator, detecting metabolic reactions, usually dye
114
septum
partition between dividing cells
pinches off the cells
115
generation time
time it takes for cells to double in number
116
lag phase
time between inoculation of microbe and beginning of growth
117
exponential phase
doubling at regular intervals
118
stationary phase
growth rate of population plateaus to zero
119
death phase
number of cells decrease
usually due to resource scarsity
120
microbial mats
multilayered sheets with different microbes on each layer
121
stages of fermentation
organic compound
energy rich compound
oxidized compound
fermentation product
122
lactic acid fermentation products
2 ATP 2 lactate
123
substrate level phosphorylation
bond of substrate is directly used to create ATP
124
oxidative phosphorylation
electrons move from donor to acceptor generating pmf between membranes for ATP generation
125
photophosphorylation
light is used to form proton gradient between membranes
126
+ delta G
energy is needed for reaction
endergonic
127
-delta G
energy is released from reaction
exergonic
128
viable count methods
spread plate
pour plate
129
spread plate count method
sample is pipetted onto agar media
sample is spread
sample plate results are counted
130
pour plate count method
-sample is pipetted onto sterile surface
-molten agar media is added to surface and solidifies with sample
-pour plate results are counted
131
serial dilutions
successive dilutions needed for dense culture so one can get individual colonies
132
turbidity
cloudiness of sample due to colony of bacteria scattering light
133
turbidity measurements measure what
opitcal density of sample
this helps determine population
134
chemostat
-continuous culture device
-exact amt of new media added
as much as spent media extracted
-controls growth rate and overall yeild
135
steady state
cell density and medium concentration dont change over time
136
budding hyphae
-cell develops long thin filament
-end of filament new cell forms
137
simple budding
-instead of equal growth and dispersion like binary fission
-budding starts with large cell, small cell forms and buds off from it
138
cardinal temperatures
min max
optimal temperatures
139
psychrophile
found in very cold climates
140
mesophile
found in average temp climates
141
thermophile
found in hot climates
142
hyperthermophile
found in extremely hot climates
143
psychrotolerant
can live in cold climates but its optimal temperatures are in average climates
144
adaptations cells use in cold climates
-short fatty acid chains
-unsaturated
-more alpha helixes than beta sheets in proteins
145
all budding occurs without what?
a septum
146
batch culture
where no nutrients/cells are added or removed after initalizing
147
