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Put on flashcard for test 3

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1
Q

Clostridium kluyveri Fermentation

A

ferments ethanol and acetate
to butyrate, caproate, H2 products

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2
Q

cyanobacteria examples–Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus

A

most abundant ocean
phototrophs, contributing 80 percent of marine photosynthesis and 35
percent of total photosynthesis

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3
Q

cyanobacteria family Chroococcales

A

unicellular, divided by
binary fission

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4
Q

cyanobacteria family Pleurocapsales

A

unicellular, dividing by
multiple fission

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5
Q

cyanobacteria family Oscillatoriales

A

filamentous
nonheterocystous

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6
Q

cyanobacteria family Nostocales

A

filamentous,
divide on a single axis,
can differentiate

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7
Q

cyanobacteria family Stigonematales

A

filamentous, divide into
multiple planes, forming
branching filaments

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8
Q

cyanobacteria structure hormogonia

A

short,
motile filaments that break off to
facilitate dispersal under stress

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9
Q

cyanobacteria structure cyanophycin

A

nitrogen
storage product

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10
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria Ectothiorhodospiraceae

A

deposit elemental sulfur outside the
cells and have lamellar intracellular photosynthetic membrane
systems

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11
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria family Chromatiaceae

A

store elemental sulfur granules in the
periplasm vesicular intracellular photosynthetic membrane
systems

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12
Q

purple sulfur bacteria family Thermochromatium

A

thermophilic and inhabits
sulfidic hot springs, forming thin biofilms

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13
Q

purple sulfur bacteria species T. tepidum

A

-model system for studying energy transfer
from light-harvesting (antenna) pigments to photosynthetic
reaction center

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14
Q

green sulfur bacteria family Prosthecochloris

A

widespread outside of freshwater

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15
Q

green sulfur bacteria species chlorobaculum tepidum

A

thermophilic; model organism

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16
Q

green sulfur bacteria key genera

A

Chlorobium, Chlorobaculum,
Prosthecochloris, “Chlorochromatium”

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17
Q

methylotroph key genera

A

Hyphomicrobium, Methylobacterium

other genera- Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria,
Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes

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18
Q

aerobic methylotroph generas

A

Methylomonas, Methylosinus

-characteristics-
-Use methane as an electron donor and typically also as a carbon source
-Mostly Proteobacteria

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19
Q

type 1 aerobic methylotrophs

A

Type 1 assimilate one-carbon compounds via ribulose monophosphate cycle and are Gammaproteobacteria

membranes arranged as bundles of disk-
shaped vesicles throughout the cell

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20
Q

type 2 aerobic methylotrophs

A

Type 2 assimilate one-carbon compounds via serine pathway and are Alphaproteobacteria

have paired membranes running along the cell periphery

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21
Q

Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs

A

have membrane vesicles

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22
Q

methylotroph Methylomirabilis oxyfera

A

obligate anaerobic
methanotroph that uses methane monooxygenase to oxidize methane to
-reduces nitrite to nitric oxide, which is dismutated to N2 and O2
-O2 consumed by methane monooxygenase

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23
Q

microbial predators genera

A

Bdellovibrio, Myxococcus

found in Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi,
Melainabacteria

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24
Q

magnetic microbes key genera

A

Magnetospirillum

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25
5 archaea groups
Nanoarchaeota (only coculture or enrichment) Korarchaeota (only coculture or enrichment) Thaumarchaeota (several species isolated) Crenarchaeota (better characterized) Euryarchaeota (better characterized)
26
Halophilic Cytoplasmic components
-Highly acidic -Require K+ for activity -Lower levels of hydrophobic amino acids and lysine (positively charged) than non halophilic enzymes
27
Archaea subcategory Euryarchaeota
-has Extremely Halophilic Archaea -has Methanogenic Archaea -has hyperthermophiles -has methanogens
28
Archaea Euyarchaeota Halococcus
-large plasmids containing up to 30 percent of total DNA -Mostly respire; no sugar fermentation
29
Archaea Euyarchaeota Halobacterium
-gram-negative organism -Reproduce by binary fission -obligate aerobes; -some have gas vesicles to provide buoyancy -Most are nonmotile (lack archaella)
30
Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermoplasmatales
-thermophilic and/or acidophilic -chemoorganotroph
31
Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermoplasma
-evolved unique membrane to survive low ph and high temp
32
Archaea Euyarchaeota Ferroplasma
-mesophile -acidophile -autotroph
33
Methanopyrus
-Hyperthermophilic Methanogen -produces methane
34
Archaea Euyarchaeota Picrophilus
-acidophile -has cell wall -heterotropic -cell wall disintigrates above pH of 4
35
Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermococcales
-hyperthermophiles -Spherical hyperthermophile -Indigenous to anoxic thermal waters -Have tuft of polar archaella -highly motile -Obligately anaerobic -chemoorganotroph
36
Archaea Euyarchaeota Archaeoglobus
-Oxides organics and reduces SO4-2 to H2S -Irregular cocci -thermophile -Share coenzymes and many genes with methanogens for CH4 production; ancestor was probably a methanogen
37
Archaea Euyarchaeota Ferroglobus
-Iron-oxidizing chemolithotroph coupling anaerobic oxidation -thermophile
38
Archaea Euyarchaeota Pyrococcus
-thermophile 100degrees C
39
Archaea Euyarchaeota Methanogenic
Archaea Euyarchaeota Methanogenic
40
Eukarya Excavates
-key genera- Giardia, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Euglena -have 2 nuclei -have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes) -some strains cause giardiasis a water borne disease
41
Eukarya Excavates Diplomonads
-have 2 nuclei -have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)
42
Eukarya Excavates Parabasalids
- have a parasol body -Lack mitochondria but have hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism -lack introns
43
Eukarya Excavates Kinetoplastids
-has a kinetoplast, a mass of DNA present in their single large mitochondrion -lives in aquatic areas feeding on bacteria -can cause disease
44
Eukarya Excavates Euglenids
-Nonpathogenic -Alternate nutritional lifestyles: both chemotrophic and phototrophic -Contain chloroplasts used when living in light -In dark environments lose chloroplast can exist as chemoorganotrophs -Can feed on bacteria by phagocytosis 13
45
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata
-presence of alveoli, which are sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane -ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans
46
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Ciliates
-posess cillia at some point -most widely spread genus is paramecium -have 2 nuclei micro/macronuclei -during conjugation paramecia exchange micronuclei -
47
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Dinoflagellates
-Diverse marine and freshwater phototrophic organisms -Has two flagella with different insertion points on the cell -Some are free-living, and others live symbiotically with corals -Dense suspensions of these cells are called red tides -Neurotoxin associated with fish kills and can cause human poisoning (PSP: paralytic shellfish poisoning) -Pfiesteria piscicida is a genus of toxic dinoflagellate responsible for massive fish kills
48
Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Apicomplexans
-Obligate parasites of animals -Cause severe diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and coccidiosis -Produce structures called sporozoites -Function in transmission of the parasite to a new host -Contain apicoplasts -Degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigments and phototrophic capacity
49
Eukarya Stramenopiles
-Key genera: Phytophthora, Nitzschia, Ochromonas, Macrocystis -Diatoms, oomycetes, golden algae, and brown algae -Chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic members -short hair like extensions
50
Eukarya Stramenophiles DIatoms
-Over 100,000 species of diatoms -Freshwater and marine habitats -Cell walls are made of silica and are called frustules -Exhibit radial and pinnate symmetry -There is a diversity of species in nearly every naturalvwater source -Appeared on Earth about 200 million years ago
51
Eukarya Stramenophiles Oomycetes
-water molds based on their filamentous growth and the presence of coenocytic hyphae -Cell walls are made of cellulose, not chitin as in fungi -Phytophthora infestans causes the late blight disease in potatoes and contributed to the Irish Potato Famine
52
Eukarya Stramenophiles Golden Algae
-chrysophytes -Most are unicellular and motile via two flagella -Some are colonial -Golden algae are named because of their golden-brown color
53
Eukarya Stramenophiles Brown algae
-Marine and multicellular -Are brown or green-brown in color depending on how much fucoxanthin they produce
54
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria
-Distinguished from other protists by their threadlike pseudopodia that they use to move and feed -Include Chlorarachniophyta, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria
55
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Chlorarachniophyta
-Phototrophic and amoeba-like, chlorarachniophytes use flagella for movement -These protists have atypical chloroplasts that are the product of secondary endosymbiosis -Chloroplasts have four membranes (as opposed to typical two membranes) derived from engulfed eukaryotic algae -Also contain a nucleomorph, which is the remnant of the engulfed algae
56
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Foraminifera
-Exclusively marine organisms -They form shell-like structures called tests -Tests are made from organic materials reinforced with calcium carbonate
57
Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Radiolarians
-Mostly marine, heterotrophic organisms -Tests are made of silica -Name derived from the radial symmetry of tests
58
Eukarya Ascomycota
-Key genera: Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus -Two haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form a diploid nucleus that eventually undergoes meiosis to form haploid ascospores -examples include both baker’s yeast and common molds
59
Green Algae
-Key genera: Chlamydomonas, Volvox -called chlorophytes -inhabit freshwater or other marine places -uni/mulicellular -Endolithic algae grow inside porous rocks
60

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