Test 1

Question 1

What is the most abundant chemical element in the universe?

Answer 1

Hydrogen

Question 2

The most abundant chemical element in the solid Earth is?

Answer 2

Iron

Question 3

What are the crust and mantle of the Earth composed primarily of?

Answer 3

Rocky Silicates

Question 4

What is the core of the Earth composed primary of?

Answer 4

Iron

Question 5

Are iron and silicates distributed evenly?

Answer 5

No, but they are three of the most common chemical elements in the earth

Question 6

What part of the earth comprises most of both its volume and mass?

Answer 6

the mantle

Question 7

What is the lowest density layer of the Earth

Answer 7

The continental crust

Question 8

What is the continental crust richer in and lower in?

Answer 8

Richer is middle weight(silicon/oxygen)
lower in heavier elements(magnesium, iron)

Question 9

Continental crust vs oceanic crust?

Answer 9

Continental- higher topographically and is mainly dry land

Oceanic crust- lower in topographically and is mainly ocean floor

Question 10

Where is new oceanic crust produced at?

Answer 10

Divergent plate boundaries?

Question 11

Where would you expect earthquakes but not volcanism?

Answer 11

Convergent plate boundaries w/ two continental plates?

Transform plate boundaries

Question 12

Where can you have volcanism at random locations on the earths surface?

Answer 12

mantle plumes

Question 13

What type of deformation happens along a tectonic fault during an earthquake?

Answer 13

brittle deformation(Along a fault, brittle deformation happens
close to the surface under low pressure. At
depth and greater pressure, the deformation
changes to ductile deformation causing the
fault dip to flatten and movement along the
fault dies out.)

Question 14

Where is the seismic energy release in a tectonic earthquake along a fault contained in?

Answer 14

S-waves

Question 15

What are the two types of waves?

Answer 15

P-Waves
S-Waves

Question 16

Which waves are the second to arrive and why?

Answer 16

S-waves are the second-arriving type of
seismic wave because some of their energy are wasted in up-and-
down shearing motion.

Question 17

Which seismic waves are the fastest and first-arriving and can arrive and pass through any medium(solid, liquid, gas)

Answer 17

P-waves(hat most of the energy of explosions such as nuclear tests is contained in P-waves from that event)

Question 18

Which seismic waves are last arriving from an earthquake event because they have to go the long way instead of traveling through?

Answer 18

Love waves, Rayleigh waves

Question 19

What is the modified Mercalli Scale?(roman numerals)

Answer 19

An earthquake intensity scale based on the record damage and casualties caused by an earthquake. used to estimate earthquake size. Used before seismometers

Question 20

What is the scale currently used in estimating the size of earthquakes all over the world?

Answer 20

Moment Magnitude

Question 21

How many earthquakes of magnitude 9 happen each year?

Answer 21

none <1

Question 22

Foreshocks tend to be ___ than aftershocks?

Answer 22

smaller (also know that
foreshocks are more
closely-spaced around the
focus (origin) of the main
earthquake event than are
aftershocks)

Question 23

Maps where earthquakes are likely to happen show____, maps of where earthquakes are most like to cause damages and casualties show_____

Answer 23

seismic hazard
seismic risk

Question 24

Sand volcanoes and sand boils are caused by what earthquake related hazard?

Answer 24

Liquefaction( know that positive floatation and
negative floatation is associated with liquefaction)

Question 25

What is positive floatation?

Answer 25

meant to keep a compromised boat from sinking down to the depths.

Question 26

What is negative floatation?

Question 27

What earthquake hazard would be a major hazard in Manhattan if the earthquake repeated?

Answer 27

shedding(exterior building ornementation that might not be allowed in an area with more experience with earthquakes)

Question 28

What is an avalanche?

Answer 28

Avalanches are a type of landslide that moves by the mechanism of flow

Question 29

What is an earthquake generated wave or flood, basically a seismic pulse travelling up a river channel?

Answer 29

bore

Question 30

What is a series of seismic pulses travelling through an open body of water like the ocean?

Answer 30

a tsunami

Question 31

What is a prerequisite for a damburst flood?

Answer 31

an impoundment flood

Question 32

What holds great promise for real time earthquake warnings?

Answer 32

Social Media

Question 33

What earthquake is believed to have the highest number of casualties of any earthquake recorded?

Answer 33

Huaxian, China

Question 34

Eyewitnesses reported a fault rupture forming and throwing up debris during this notable earthquake?

Answer 34

The Gobi Desert

Question 35

What earthquakes were caused by strike-slip offsets of a seafloor spreading center?

Answer 35

Lisbon Portugal, The Atlas Mountains MID ATLANTIC RIDGE

Question 36

Where we fires a significant earthquake hazard?

Answer 36

Lisbon Portugal, San Francisco

Question 37

Where was seismic shaking more of a hazard north and south of the San Andreas Fault?

Answer 37

San Francisco

Question 38

What earthquake caused bores and displacement along one of the worlds major river?

Answer 38

New Madrid, Missouri(Mississippi River)

Question 39

Where is seismic hazard highest in China?

Answer 39

Western China

Question 40

Where is seismic risk highest in China?

Answer 40

Eastern China

Question 41

If they happened today the seismic RISK resulting from the New Madrid earthquakes would be

Answer 41

Much higher, bigger population today

Question 42

What earthquake happened along a thrust fault(low angle reverse fault)?

Answer 42

Northridge California(was an existing fault that had never caused an earthquake before)

Question 43

What earthquake happened along a right lateral strike slip fault system where most of the other earthquakes took place happened with epicenters along the west of the fault system?

Answer 43

Izmit and Dunze Turkey

Question 44

International politics were associated with this earthquake.

Answer 44

Chi-Chi Taiwan

Question 45

How does Hawaii have volcanoes?

Answer 45

On a tectonic plate but has mantle plume

Question 46

What is seismology used to enforce compliance with?

Answer 46

The partial Nuclear Test Ban Theory

Question 47

Which type of seismic wave is characteristic of underground nuclear explosions rather than tectonic earthquakes along faults?

Answer 47

Pressure Body Seismic Waves

Question 48

What would shake more during an earthquake?

Answer 48

Loose soil

Question 49

What caused only buildings of intermediate height to fall during the Mexico City earthquake of 1985?

Answer 49

Resonance Frequency

Question 50

What is a seismometer?

Answer 50

The machine recording the seismic waves

Question 51

What is most of the energy in P-Waves?

Answer 51

Nuclear detonations

Question 52

What is the focus?

Answer 52

site of the first motion along fault(located below the surface)

Question 53

What is the epicenter?

Answer 53

Point on the surface directly above the surface

Question 54

What are the two body waves

Answer 54

P, S

Question 55

What are the two surface waves

Answer 55

Love, Rayleigh

Question 56

What can S-waves pass through?

Answer 56

solids

Question 57

How to measure earthquake strength?

Answer 57

Intensity, Magnitude, Strong motion

Question 58

What is liquefaction?

Answer 58

when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking

Question 59

what is a tsunami?

Answer 59

seismic sea waves, sudden ocean floor movement

Question 60

what is impoundment flood?

Answer 60

river blocking by uplift/landslides

Question 61

what is a damburst flood?

Answer 61

dam/leeve failures

Question 62

what are displacement waves?

Answer 62

wave by landslide into body of water

Question 63

what are trangression floods?

Answer 63

permanent shift of shoreline

Question 64

what are seiches?

Answer 64

sloshing of water back and forth

Question 65

what are bores?

Answer 65

single wave crests that move upstream