Test 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

1
Q

Branches of Microbiology

A
Bacteriology
Virology
Protozoology
Mycology
Phycology
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2
Q

Gram+

A

Violet Stain @ alcohol wash

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3
Q

Gram-

A

Release exotoxins

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4
Q

Acid

A

Fast stain / retain a red carbolfuchsin stain @ acid wash

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5
Q

Sporeform bacteria

A

Clostridium Tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum

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6
Q

Streptococcus Pneumonia

A
Alpha Hemolytic
Facultative anaerobe
Occurs singly, pairs, short chains
accounts for 30-40% of community acquired pneumonia
Type III is most common and virulent
Also responsible for:
infectious bronchitis
peritonitis
meningitis
otitis media (inflam of middle ear)
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7
Q

Klebcella pneumonia

A

Friedlanders bacillus
non-motile
facultative anaerobic
Opportunistic, frequently in upper airway
Causes Pneumonia in alcoholic and COPD pt’s
Causes severe necrotizing pneumonia, may cause septicemia
Sputum is described as red current jelly

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8
Q

Escherinchia Coli (Ecoli)

A
In normal flora of intestinal tract
Causes:
Urinary tract infections
pneumonia
neonatal meningitis
septicemia in debilitated hosts
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9
Q

Pseudomonas aueruginosa

A
Aerobic bacillus
causes opportunistic infections
frequent contaminant of aqueous solutions
causes pneumonia and sepsis
Associated with VAP
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10
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Atypical bacteria
very difficult to identify
appears to colonize water
causes a atypical pneumonia
transmitted via direct inhalation or aerosol
not thought o be trans from person-person

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11
Q

Microbacterium tuberculosis

A
Non-Motile
Non-spore forming
Small highly aerobic bacilli
Causes chronic granulomatous pulmonary infections
trans via droplet and droplet nuclei
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12
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical shape

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13
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-like shape

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14
Q

Spirochetes

A

Helical or spiral

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15
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Facultative anaerobe
Normal flora of skin & upper AW
Common cause of skin disorders
MRSA - Resistant to antibiotics
Pneumonia causing in very old/young or debilitated
Exotoxins result in extensive tissue necrosis

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16
Q

Predisposing factors of anearobic lung infections

A

decreased level of consciousness
impaired swallowing
gastrointestinal dysfunction

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17
Q

Anaerobic Pneumonia

A

Usually multimicrobial

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18
Q

Influenza Virus

A

Three major types A-C
A&B are resp for increase in resp infections
Type B resp annual flu epicemics

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19
Q

RhinoVirus

A

Accounts for %40 all acute resp illness

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20
Q

Enteroviruses

A

Coxsackie

Polio

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21
Q

3 elements for infection to spread

A

A source of pathogens
A susceptible host
A route of transmission

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22
Q

Contact routes

A

Direct - Direct phys contact

indirect - cont. btw susceptible host & contaminated object

Droplet - Cough or sneeze

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23
Q

Vehicle Route

A

Food

Water

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24
Q

Airborne route

A

Aerosols - Legionellosis
Droplet nuclei - Tuberculosis
Dust - Histoplasmosis

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25
Vectorborne Route
Ticks - lyme's disease Mosquitos - malaria fleas - bubonic plague
26
Spread of infection into lung 3 mechanisms
Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions Inhalation of aerosol droplets (droplet nuclei/dust particles) Blood-borne spread - from another site of infection
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Infection control methods
``` Cleaning Disinfection Sterilization Disrupting routes of transmission decrease host susceptability ```
28
Sanitation
Cleansing to decrease microbe concentrations to a safe level
29
Disinfection
Freeing from infection - The destruction of potentially pathogenic organisms. Doesn't kill spores.
30
Types of Clean technique
Asepsis | Antisepsis
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Asepsis
The state of being free from pathogenic organisms or a description of techniques that prevent sepsis
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Antisepsis
The application of chemicals to body surfaces that inhibit the growth and multiplication of pathogenic organisms
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Elimination techniques of pathogens
Aseptic technique - ster/disinfect of equip Bactericides - kill bacteria Germicides - kill germs Sporicide - Kills spores Bacteriostatic - elim ability to reproduce
34
Sterilization
Complete destruction of all microorganisms. Includes vegetative cells and spores. Either physical or chemical agents ar eused to end metabolic activity permanently
35
Ethyleneoxide
More effective in H2O vapor humidity between %30-70 maintain above 60 degrees C polymerization occurs and steriliztation DOESNT take place Gas is highly diffusable, Penetrates well, and effective at ambient temperatures Explosive at concentrations > 3.0% Used w/ 10% concentrations with CO2 or freon to Decrease explosiveness Leaves a residue on porous material / Harmful to human tissue H20 droplets can interfere with sterilization and form ethylene glycol / sticky Equip must be prepackaged due to permeability of gas, wrapping material must be permeable
36
Indicator Tape
Used to indicate appropriate exposure to ETO but DOESNT guarantee sterility
37
Gluteraldehydes - Acid / Alkaline
2% Gluteraldehyde / 8% formaldehyde in 70% alcohol either acid or buffered to an alkaline solution Destroys cell by attacking lipoproteins in the cell wall or cytoplasm broadly bacteriocidal, kills gram-/+, spores, M-TB, and viruses Used in adequate doses and long periods of time Very irritating to skin and mucosa Equipment must be clean, it penetrates dirt poorly.
38
Pasteurization
Submergence of equipment in medium hot water for specific periods of time 30 mins @ 70 degrees C Kills vegetative bacteria but not spores Effect on viruses varies Mechanism of action is to coagulate proteins
39
Large Volume Nebulizers
# Fill with sterile H20 DO NOT add fluid to partially filled resevoir Drain condensate away from PT. Discard contaminated waste Do not allow condensate to drain back into resevoir Sterilize or high-level disinfect BTW Pt's and every 24 hours.
40
Small Volume Nebulizers
Disinfect BTW pt's, rinse w/ sterile water and air dry use single unit dose vials and despense aseptically BTW Pt's replace w/ sterile or high-level disinfected units.
41
02 equipment
Use pre-filled disposable humidifiers Re-usable humidifiers should be refilled with sterile H20 before use Before refilling drain and rinse humidifier before filling with sterile H20
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Chlamydophila pneumonia
Obligate intracellular bacteria WBC normal, NPC, mild fever Atypical pneumonia Chlamydiae psittaci - psittacosis (ornithosis) increasing evidence its assoc elev asthma exacerbations
43
Acinetobacter baumannii
``` Aerobic Bacillus Causes opportunistic infections frequent contaminant of aqueous solutions causes pneumonia and sepsis assoc with VAP ```
44
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Small cell-wall deficient (no cell wall) WBC normal, NPC, fever Atypical pneumonia freq in young adults late summer/early fall College kids and military uncommon after age 50 resp for 10-50% of pneumonia in college students and military
45
Rickettsiae
``` Extremely infectious intracellular parasites Several pathogenic members: - Rocky Mtn spotted Fever - Rickettsia Burnetii - Q fever Transmitted by vectors, sheep, cattle, cats ```
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Viruses
Submicroscopic noncellular parasitic particles composed of a protein shell and a nucleic acid core
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Fungal Resp infections
``` Histoplasmosis Bastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Aspergillosis Candidiasis ```
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Pneumocystis jiroveci
PCP - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia assoc with first decade of AIDS Common in indiv w/ weakend immune systems.
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ARDS
Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome
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General Mechanisms of Action - Eliminating source of pathogens
Denaturation of protein Coagulation of protein Decrease surface tension Interference with intracellular metabolic pathways
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Denaturation of protein
Chemical alteration of protein structure causing it to lose some or all of it's characteristics.
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Coagulation of protein
Solidification into a gelatinous mass
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Decrease plasma Surface Tension
Decrease plasma surface tension Increase plasma membrane permeability Allows an influx of fluid that lyses the cell
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Dry heat sterilization
Less effective as moist heat, requires longer exposure times Does not dull sharp metal edges usually reserved for glass and metals
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Dry heat sterilization times
60 min @ 170 C 120 min @ 160 C 150 min @ 150 C
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Physical Sterilization methods
Heat - denature proteins Incineration Autoclave Gamma irradiation
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Autoclave
High Temperature by using steam at 15 psig Moisture increases the conduction of heat and rate of killing All the air must be removed and replaced with steam.
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Chemical Sterilization methods
Gas Sterilization - EthyleneOxide Gluteraldehyde - Acid or alkaline
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Physical Disinfection methods
Pasteurization
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Chemical Disinfection methods
Gluteraldehydes - same as sterilization but less time 10-20 min Alcohols Phenols damage cell walls, denature proteins, inactivate enzymes Eff against bacteria and fungi activity against virus and spores varies remains eff on surfaces after application irritating to skin ``` Halogens (sodium hypochlorite) Known as Bleach potent and rapid acting disinfectant 1/100 dillution Bactericidal in 10 min Fungicidal in 1 hour Virucidal in 10 min (inc HIV and HBV) 1/10 dillution is recommended for blood ``` Halogens (Iodine) Tincture of iodine (iodine in alcohol) Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal Cause tissue necrosis in high concentrations Stains Iodophors - Water soluble, non-staining, and less irritating to tissue. Limited sporicidal activity and requires prolonged contact to kill fungi. Quaternary ammonium compounds Nontoxic and inexpensive Destroys membranes and inactivate enzymes Detergents containing ammonium ions Effective against gram+ but gram- varies Most common use is surface disinfectant Neutralized by anionic detergents, dirt and organic materials Acetic acid - White Vinegar 1/3 dillution for use. it's PH of 2.0-3.0 inactivates cellular enzymes More effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Alcohol chem disinfection
With Increase in carbon chain length there is an increase in bactericidal activity (denatures proteins) Kills most bacteria and fungi inc. M TB Activity against viruses varies Ethyl alcohol is best viricide Isopropyl works best in 90% solution Ethyl works best in 70% solution Kills Hep B in 15 min Kills HIV in 1 min
62
Acetic acid
White Vinegar 1/3 dillution for use. it's PH of 2.0-3.0 inactivates cellular enzymes More effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Quaternary ammonium compounds
Nontoxic and inexpensive Destroys membranes and inactivate enzymes Detergents containing ammonium ions Effective against gram+ but gram- varies Most common use is surface disinfectant Neutralized by anionic detergents, dirt and organic materials
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Halogens (Iodine)
Tincture of iodine (iodine in alcohol) Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal Cause tissue necrosis in high concentrations Stains Iodophors - Water soluble, non-staining, and less irritating to tissue. Limited sporicidal activity and requires prolonged contact to kill fungi.
65
Halogens (sodium hypochlorite)
``` Known as Bleach potent and rapid acting disinfectant 1/100 dillution Bactericidal in 10 min Fungicidal in 1 hour Virucidal in 10 min (inc HIV and HBV) 1/10 dillution is recommended for blood ```
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Phenols
damage cell walls, denature proteins, inactivate enzymes Eff against bacteria and fungi activity against virus and spores varies remains eff on surfaces after application irritating to skin