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RT 118 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Branches of Microbiology

A 
Bacteriology
Virology
Protozoology
Mycology
Phycology
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2
Q

Gram+

A

Violet Stain @ alcohol wash

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3
Q

Gram-

A

Release exotoxins

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4
Q

Acid

A

Fast stain / retain a red carbolfuchsin stain @ acid wash

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5
Q

Sporeform bacteria

A

Clostridium Tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum

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6
Q

Streptococcus Pneumonia

A 
Alpha Hemolytic
Facultative anaerobe
Occurs singly, pairs, short chains
accounts for 30-40% of community acquired pneumonia
Type III is most common and virulent
Also responsible for:
infectious bronchitis
peritonitis
meningitis
otitis media (inflam of middle ear)
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7
Q

Klebcella pneumonia

A

Friedlanders bacillus
non-motile
facultative anaerobic
Opportunistic, frequently in upper airway
Causes Pneumonia in alcoholic and COPD pt’s
Causes severe necrotizing pneumonia, may cause septicemia
Sputum is described as red current jelly

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8
Q

Escherinchia Coli (Ecoli)

A 
In normal flora of intestinal tract
Causes:
Urinary tract infections
pneumonia
neonatal meningitis
septicemia in debilitated hosts
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9
Q

Pseudomonas aueruginosa

A 
Aerobic bacillus
causes opportunistic infections
frequent contaminant of aqueous solutions
causes pneumonia and sepsis
Associated with VAP
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10
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Atypical bacteria
very difficult to identify
appears to colonize water
causes a atypical pneumonia
transmitted via direct inhalation or aerosol
not thought o be trans from person-person

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11
Q

Microbacterium tuberculosis

A 
Non-Motile
Non-spore forming
Small highly aerobic bacilli
Causes chronic granulomatous pulmonary infections
trans via droplet and droplet nuclei
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12
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical shape

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13
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-like shape

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14
Q

Spirochetes

A

Helical or spiral

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15
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Facultative anaerobe
Normal flora of skin & upper AW
Common cause of skin disorders
MRSA - Resistant to antibiotics
Pneumonia causing in very old/young or debilitated
Exotoxins result in extensive tissue necrosis

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16
Q

Predisposing factors of anearobic lung infections

A

decreased level of consciousness
impaired swallowing
gastrointestinal dysfunction

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17
Q

Anaerobic Pneumonia

A

Usually multimicrobial

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18
Q

Influenza Virus

A

Three major types A-C
A&B are resp for increase in resp infections
Type B resp annual flu epicemics

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19
Q

RhinoVirus

A

Accounts for %40 all acute resp illness

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20
Q

Enteroviruses

A

Coxsackie

Polio

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21
Q

3 elements for infection to spread

A

A source of pathogens
A susceptible host
A route of transmission

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22
Q

Contact routes

A

Direct - Direct phys contact

indirect - cont. btw susceptible host & contaminated object

Droplet - Cough or sneeze

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23
Q

Vehicle Route

A

Food

Water

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24
Q

Airborne route

A

Aerosols - Legionellosis
Droplet nuclei - Tuberculosis
Dust - Histoplasmosis

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25
Q

Vectorborne Route

A

Ticks - lyme’s disease
Mosquitos - malaria
fleas - bubonic plague

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26
Q

Spread of infection into lung 3 mechanisms

A

Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions
Inhalation of aerosol droplets
(droplet nuclei/dust particles)
Blood-borne spread - from another site of infection

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27
Q

Infection control methods

A 
Cleaning 
Disinfection
Sterilization
Disrupting routes of transmission
decrease host susceptability
28
Q

Sanitation

A

Cleansing to decrease microbe concentrations to a safe level

29
Q

Disinfection

A

Freeing from infection - The destruction of potentially pathogenic organisms. Doesn’t kill spores.

30
Q

Types of Clean technique

A

Asepsis

Antisepsis

31
Q

Asepsis

A

The state of being free from pathogenic organisms or a description of techniques that prevent sepsis

32
Q

Antisepsis

A

The application of chemicals to body surfaces that inhibit the growth and multiplication of pathogenic organisms

33
Q

Elimination techniques of pathogens

A

Aseptic technique - ster/disinfect of equip
Bactericides - kill bacteria
Germicides - kill germs
Sporicide - Kills spores
Bacteriostatic - elim ability to reproduce

34
Q

Sterilization

A

Complete destruction of all microorganisms. Includes vegetative cells and spores. Either physical or chemical agents ar eused to end metabolic activity permanently

35
Q

Ethyleneoxide

A

More effective in H2O vapor

humidity between %30-70 maintain

above 60 degrees C polymerization occurs and steriliztation DOESNT take place

Gas is highly diffusable, Penetrates well, and effective at ambient temperatures

Explosive at concentrations > 3.0%

Used w/ 10% concentrations with CO2 or freon to Decrease explosiveness

Leaves a residue on porous material / Harmful to human tissue

H20 droplets can interfere with sterilization and form ethylene glycol / sticky

Equip must be prepackaged due to permeability of gas, wrapping material must be permeable

36
Q

Indicator Tape

A

Used to indicate appropriate exposure to ETO but DOESNT guarantee sterility

37
Q

Gluteraldehydes - Acid / Alkaline

A

2% Gluteraldehyde / 8% formaldehyde in 70% alcohol either acid or buffered to an alkaline solution

Destroys cell by attacking lipoproteins in the cell wall or cytoplasm

broadly bacteriocidal, kills gram-/+, spores, M-TB, and viruses

Used in adequate doses and long periods of time

Very irritating to skin and mucosa

Equipment must be clean, it penetrates dirt poorly.

38
Q

Pasteurization

A

Submergence of equipment in medium hot water for specific periods of time

30 mins @ 70 degrees C

Kills vegetative bacteria but not spores

Effect on viruses varies

Mechanism of action is to coagulate proteins

39
Q

Large Volume Nebulizers

A

Fill with sterile H20

DO NOT add fluid to partially filled resevoir

Drain condensate away from PT.

Discard contaminated waste

Do not allow condensate to drain back into resevoir

Sterilize or high-level disinfect BTW Pt’s and every 24 hours.

40
Q

Small Volume Nebulizers

A

Disinfect BTW pt’s, rinse w/ sterile water and air dry

use single unit dose vials and despense aseptically

BTW Pt’s replace w/ sterile or high-level disinfected units.

41
Q

02 equipment

A

Use pre-filled disposable humidifiers

Re-usable humidifiers should be refilled with sterile H20 before use

Before refilling drain and rinse humidifier before filling with sterile H20

42
Q

Chlamydophila pneumonia

A

Obligate intracellular bacteria
WBC normal, NPC, mild fever
Atypical pneumonia
Chlamydiae psittaci - psittacosis (ornithosis)
increasing evidence its assoc elev asthma exacerbations

43
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii

A 
Aerobic Bacillus
Causes opportunistic infections
frequent contaminant of aqueous solutions
causes pneumonia and sepsis
assoc with VAP
44
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Small cell-wall deficient (no cell wall)
WBC normal, NPC, fever
Atypical pneumonia
freq in young adults late summer/early fall
College kids and military
uncommon after age 50
resp for 10-50% of pneumonia in college students and military

45
Q

Rickettsiae

A 
Extremely infectious
intracellular parasites
Several pathogenic members:
     - Rocky Mtn spotted Fever
     - Rickettsia Burnetii - Q fever
Transmitted by vectors, sheep, cattle, cats
46
Q

Viruses

A

Submicroscopic
noncellular
parasitic particles composed of a protein shell and a nucleic acid core

47
Q

Fungal Resp infections

A 
Histoplasmosis
Bastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
48
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci

A

PCP - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

assoc with first decade of AIDS

Common in indiv w/ weakend immune systems.

49
Q

ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome

50
Q

General Mechanisms of Action - Eliminating source of pathogens

A

Denaturation of protein

Coagulation of protein

Decrease surface tension

Interference with intracellular metabolic pathways

51
Q

Denaturation of protein

A

Chemical alteration of protein structure causing it to lose some or all of it’s characteristics.

52
Q

Coagulation of protein

A

Solidification into a gelatinous mass

53
Q

Decrease plasma Surface Tension

A

Decrease plasma surface tension
Increase plasma membrane permeability
Allows an influx of fluid that lyses the cell

54
Q

Dry heat sterilization

A

Less effective as moist heat, requires longer exposure times

Does not dull sharp metal edges

usually reserved for glass and metals

55
Q

Dry heat sterilization times

A

60 min @ 170 C
120 min @ 160 C
150 min @ 150 C

56
Q

Physical Sterilization methods

A

Heat - denature proteins

Incineration

Autoclave

Gamma irradiation

57
Q

Autoclave

A

High Temperature by using steam at 15 psig

Moisture increases the conduction of heat and rate of killing

All the air must be removed and replaced with steam.

58
Q

Chemical Sterilization methods

A

Gas Sterilization - EthyleneOxide

Gluteraldehyde - Acid or alkaline

59
Q

Physical Disinfection methods

A

Pasteurization

60
Q

Chemical Disinfection methods

A

Gluteraldehydes - same as sterilization but less time 10-20 min

Alcohols

Phenols
damage cell walls, denature proteins, inactivate enzymes
Eff against bacteria and fungi
activity against virus and spores varies
remains eff on surfaces after application
irritating to skin

Halogens (sodium hypochlorite)
Known as Bleach
potent and rapid acting disinfectant
1/100 dillution
Bactericidal in 10 min
Fungicidal in 1 hour
Virucidal in 10 min (inc HIV and HBV)
1/10 dillution is recommended for blood

Halogens (Iodine)
Tincture of iodine (iodine in alcohol)
Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal
Cause tissue necrosis in high concentrations
Stains
Iodophors - Water soluble, non-staining, and less irritating to tissue. Limited sporicidal activity and requires prolonged contact to kill fungi.

Quaternary ammonium compounds
Nontoxic and inexpensive
Destroys membranes and inactivate enzymes
Detergents containing ammonium ions
Effective against gram+ but gram- varies
Most common use is surface disinfectant
Neutralized by anionic detergents, dirt and organic materials

Acetic acid - White Vinegar 1/3 dillution for use.
it’s PH of 2.0-3.0 inactivates cellular enzymes
More effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa

61
Q

Alcohol chem disinfection

A

With Increase in carbon chain length there is an increase in bactericidal activity (denatures proteins)

Kills most bacteria and fungi inc. M TB

Activity against viruses varies

Ethyl alcohol is best viricide

Isopropyl works best in 90% solution

Ethyl works best in 70% solution

Kills Hep B in 15 min

Kills HIV in 1 min

62
Q

Acetic acid

A

White Vinegar 1/3 dillution for use.
it’s PH of 2.0-3.0 inactivates cellular enzymes
More effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa

63
Q

Quaternary ammonium compounds

A

Nontoxic and inexpensive
Destroys membranes and inactivate enzymes
Detergents containing ammonium ions
Effective against gram+ but gram- varies
Most common use is surface disinfectant
Neutralized by anionic detergents, dirt and organic materials

64
Q

Halogens (Iodine)

A

Tincture of iodine (iodine in alcohol)
Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal
Cause tissue necrosis in high concentrations
Stains
Iodophors - Water soluble, non-staining, and less irritating to tissue. Limited sporicidal activity and requires prolonged contact to kill fungi.

65
Q

Halogens (sodium hypochlorite)

A 
Known as Bleach
potent and rapid acting disinfectant
1/100 dillution
Bactericidal in 10 min
Fungicidal in 1 hour
Virucidal in 10 min (inc HIV and HBV)
1/10 dillution is recommended for blood
66
Q

Phenols

A

damage cell walls, denature proteins, inactivate enzymes
Eff against bacteria and fungi
activity against virus and spores varies
remains eff on surfaces after application
irritating to skin

RT 118 (1 decks)

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