Test 1 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Histology
A
the study of microscopic structures
2
Q
clinical anatomy
A
anatomy as related to pathological entity, and especially as related to surgery
3
Q
Comparative anatomy
A
anatomy that studies interspecies comparisons
4
Q
Embryology
A
anatomy with reference to the period from conception to birth
5
Q
Descriptive Anatomy
A
anatomy as a description of, especially a treatise describing, physical structure, more particularly that of a man
6
Q
coronal plane
A
creating front and back halves
7
Q
sagittal plane
A
creating left and right halves
8
Q
transverse plane
A
creating upper and lower halves
9
Q
superior
A
upper point
10
Q
inferior
A
lower point
11
Q
anterior
A
toward the front of a part
12
Q
posterior
A
toward the back of a part
13
Q
proximal
A
closer to the trunk of attached end
14
Q
distal
A
further from the trunk or attached end
15
Q
abduct
A
to draw away from the midline
16
Q
adduct
A
to draw toward the midline
17
Q
dorsal
A
pertaining to the back
18
Q
ventral
A
pertaining to the belly
19
Q
medial
A
toward the midline
20
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline
21
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail
22
Q
superficial
A
toward the surface
23
Q
deep
A
away from the surface
24
Q
cranial
A
toward the head
25
rostral
toward the nose or beak
26
aponeurosis
sheet-like tendon
27
articulation
the point of union between two structures
28
belly
fleshy portion of a muscle
29
body
major portion of a structure
30
bone
hardest connective tissue
31
cartilage
connective tissue embedded in a matrix, capable of withstanding compressive and tensile forces
32
condyle
rounded prominence of a bone
33
facet
a small surface
34
fascia
fibrous tissue encasing muscle
35
fistula
opening, hole
36
foramen
opening, passageway
37
fossa
depression, groove
38
head
proximal portion of a bone
39
insertion
portion of muscle that is relatively mobile
40
origin
portion of a muscle that is relatively immobile
41
joint
articulation
42
ligament
fibrous connective tissue connecting bones and cartilage
43
muscle
contractile tissue
44
neck
constricted portion of a structure
45
organ
aggregates of tissues with functional unity
46
process
prominence from a structure
47
protuberance
bulge or prominence from the surface of a structure
48
sheath
covering
49
suture
immobile articulation
50
symphysis
immobile articulation fused in early development
51
tendon
connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
52
what is a system
group of organs that function together for some purpose
53
systems of descriptive anatomy
muscular, digestive, respiratory, skeletal, reproductive, nervous, special senses(visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory)
54
Basic Tissue Types
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
55
Tissue
aggregate of cells of the same type with functional unity
56
Epithelial Tissue
skin layers, the lining of cavities, may be secreting epithelium, may be ciliated
57
Connective Tissue: major types of tissue
adipose(fat); dense fibrous: tendon, aponeurosis, ligament, fascia; Cartilage; Bone
58
Muscular Tissue
Striated (skeletal, voluntary, somatic); Smooth (involuntary, autonomic), Cardiac
59
Visceral Muscle
smooth muscle, associated with involuntary function, glands, organs of digestion, etc.
60
Somatic Muscle
voluntary muscle, striated muscle, muscle associated with conscious movement
61
Muscles are made up of...
fibers (fast and slow twitch)
62
fast twitch muscle fibers
contract quickly, are for fine movement, and fatigue easily
63
slow twitch muscle fibers
are for larger muscles, exert greater force, move more slowly, have greater endurance, antigravity muscles of trunk
64
contraction
brings two points closer together, and muscles with more fibers can exert more force of contraction; longer muscles can contract farther than short muscles
65
Origin
the point of attachment of a muscle that is relatively immobile during contraction
66
Insertion
the point of attachment of a muscle that is relatively mobile during contraction
67
Agonist
the muscle that performs the intended action (prime mover)
68
Antagonist
a muscle that opposes the intended action
69
Nervous System
system of controls and divided into two major parts the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
70
Central nervous system
cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
71
Peripheral nervous system
consists of nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord, these nerves form the communication network between the CNS and the body parts. Further divided into the SOMATIC nervous system and the AUTONOMIC nervous system (the nerves).
72
Autonomic Nervous System
sympathetic nervous system: excitatory response to the stimulation
parasympathetic nervous system: damping resonance following excitation (energy saving; heart deceleration)
73
Somatic Nervous System
Motor control system, Sensory systems
74
Somatic efferent system
skeletal muscle
75
pyramidal system
direct activation pathway
76
Activation of agonist
extrapyramidal system: indirect system
77
Control of background responses
Somatic afferent system: sensory from body
78
Motor activation of muscle
the impulse to activate muscle arises at the motor strip of the cerebral cortex
79
Trachea
cartilaginous, 16-20 rings open in posterior, connected by smooth muscle, anterior to esophagus
80
Right lung
3 lobes, 3 secondary bronchi
81
Left lung
2 lobes, 2 secondary
82
Lungs don't have muscle. T or F?
T
83
The only muscle withing the lungs is related only to bronchial dilation. T or F?
T
84
Thorax
cavity bounded by the rib cage
85
Costal (parietal) pleurae
on inner surface of rib cage
86
Visceral pleurae
on surface of lungs
87
pleural linings
provide friction-free interaction between the rib cage and lungs
88
surfactant
very slippery fluid between parietal and visceral pleurae
89
function of pleural linings
reduces surface tension, lungs follow rib cage, lungs are able to be held in dynamic suspension
90
cavities of respiration
thorax(cavity created by the rib cage), abdomen(space containing organs of digestion), torso(thorax+abdomen), diaphragm(separates thorax from abdomen)
91
Vertebral Column
composed of vertebrae, "spinal column"
92
cervical
(neck), 1st, 7, C1-C7
93
thoracic
2nd, 12, T1-T12
94
Lumbar
3rd, 5, L1-L5
95
Sacral; sacrum
4th, 5, S1-S5
96
Coccygeal
5th, 4, C1-C4
97
True Ribs
1-7, articulate directly with sternum
98
False Ribs
8-10, articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
99
Floating Ribs
11-12, do not articulate with the sternum
100
Sternum
Manubrium, Corpus, Xiphoid process
101
Rib cage
Posterior higher than anterior, elevates during inspiration, when it elevates the transverse dimension increases and pressure decreases.
102
Pectoral Girdle
clavicle and scapula, the clavicle supports the scapula, and connects sternum and scapula
103
Pelvic Girdle
Made of three bones: ILLIUM(iliac crest, articulates with sacrum); ISCHIUM(articulates with pubis); PUBIS(pubic symphysis)
104
Boyle's Law
states that when you increase volume you decrease pressure and a decrease in pressure causes air to enter the lungs
105
2 planes of movement during inspiration...
vertical(up and down) and transverse(side to side).
106
Is the diaphragm the only unpaired muscle of respiration? T or F
T
107
Actions of Diaphragm
contracts and pulls the central tendon down. increases the vertical dimension of the thorax. compresses abdominal ciscera.
108
Sternocleidomastoid
comprised of two heads: sternal head and clavicular head
109
Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Course: down and ventrally
Insertion: superior surface of clavicle
Innervation: XI accessory
Function: rotates head and elevates rib
110
Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Course: down
Insertion: superior surface of clavicle
Innervation: XI accessory
Function: rotates head and elevates rib cage
111
External Intercostals
sparse in cartilaginous region, keeps space between ribs constant
Origin: lower margin of each rib
Course: down and forward to rib below
Insertion: upper margin of rib below
Innervation: intercostal nerves
Function: elevate rib cage
112
Internal Intercostals
Chondral portion: this refers to the cartilaginous part
muscles of expiration (depresses ribs) EXCEPT the chondral (cartilaginous) portion of internals: these are inspiratory
They are absent near the vertebral column
113
External Intercostals
muscles of inspiration (elevates rib cage)
They are absent near the sternum in the chondral portion
114
Scalenes
scalenus anterior (C3-6), medius (C2-7), posterior (C5-8) (muscles of inspiration)
115
Abdominal aponeurosis
support mechanism for the abdominal muscles, and it equals broad tendon with many layers
116
Linea alba
from xiphoid to pubic symphysis
117
The interchondral portion of the internal intercostals
is used for inspiration
118
The interosseous portion of the internal intercostals
is used for expiration
119
Tidal Volume
the volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration
120
Inspiratory reserve volume
the volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
121
Expiratory reserve volume
the volume of air that can be expired following passive, tidal expiration; also known as resting lung volume
122
Residual volume
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
123
dead space air
the volume of air within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange
124
vital capacity
the volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation; includes inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
125
functional residual capacity
the volume of air in the body at the end of passive exhalation; includes expiratory reserve and residual volumes
126
total lung capacity
the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
127
inspiratory capacity
the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
128
acute conditions
those that occur as a result of disease or trauma, but which can be treated and ameliorated
129
chronic conditions
some of these can be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis and emphysema), sleep apnea, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, lung cancer, and pleurisy
130
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial passageway, which results in excessive mucus production
131
emphysema
loss on continuity of the alveoli
132
pulmonary fibrosis
lung tissue, particularly the alveolar walls, becomes scarred and thickened
133
pleurisy
involves inflammation of the pleural lining
