Test 2 Flashcards by Miranda Crabtree

The three stages of phonation

Onset, Sustained Phonation, and Offset

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Simultaneous Attack

breath stream starts at as folds adduct

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Breathy Attack

breath stream starts before folds adduct

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Glottal Attack

breath stream starts after folds adduct

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Functions of the Larynx

Nonbiological: sound source
Biological: lifting, expelling foreign objects(coughing), defecation

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Hyoid Bone

supports larynx, attaches to tongue, 23 muscles attached to it, unpaired

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Arytenoid Cartilages

vocal cords attach to them

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2 Laryngeal Joints

cricoarytenoid joint and cricothyroid joint

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Cricoarytenoid Joint

primary movement is to rock in and out for adduction/abduction

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Cricothyroid Joint

rocks forward to increase tension on vocal folds

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Glottis

space between vocal folds

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Membranous Portion of Vocal Fold

12-15 mm and portion including free margin

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Cartilaginous Portion

7-9 mm and portion bounded by cartilage of arytenoids

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Extrinsic Muscles

muscles with one component on the larynx and one outside of the larynx

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Intrinsic Muscles

muscles with both origin and insertion within the larynx

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Suprahyoid

muscles that insert above the hyoid (elevate the hyoid bone and larynx)

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Infrahyoid

muscles that insert below the hyoid (they depress the hyoid bone and larynx)

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Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

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Sternohyoid

Extrinsic: depresses hyoid

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Omohyoid

Extrinsic: depresses hyoid

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Sternothyroid

Extrinsic: depresses thyroid

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Thyrohyoid

Extrinsic: depresses hyoid/elevates larynx

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Stylohyoid

Extrinsic: Moves hyoid posteriorly

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Digastric

Extrinsic: draws hyoid up and forward

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Mylohyoid

Extrinsic: elevates hyoid/depresses mandible

Geniohyoid

Extrinsic: elevates hyoid/depresses mandible

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Intrinsic: adducts vocal folds

Transverse Arytenoid

Intrinsic: adducts vocal folds

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Intrinsic: abducts vocal folds

Oblique Arytenoid

Intrinsic: pulls the apex medially

Aryepiglottic

Intrinsic: constricts laryngeal opening

Cricothyroid

Intrinsic: depresses thyroid/ tenses vocal folds

Thyroarytenoid and Thyromuscularis

Intrinsic: relaxes vocal folds

Thyrovocalis

Intrinsic: tenses vocal folds

5 Layers of the Vocal Folds

1. squamous epithelium 2. basement membrane 3. superficial lamina propria 4. intermediate lamina propria 5. deep lamina propria

Lamina Propria

3 layers of connective tissue lies beneath mucosal epithelia throughout body

Squamous Epithelium

maintains shape of vocal folds and helps keep them hydrated

Basement Membrane

made up of collagen: fibrous and strong

Superficial Lamina Propria

secreted by osteoblasts; cushions vocal folds

Intermediate Lamina Propria

elastic

Deep Lamina Propria

supportive and collagenous

Passive and Active Qualities of Vocal Folds

Passive: consistency of stiff rubber bands Active: contractile properties control stiffness

Edema

swelling

Dysphonia

reduction in any vocal function, including appropriate vibration, pitch change, or intensity change

Aphonia

complete loss of voice

Diplophonia

perception of two pitches in voicing

Paralysis

complete loss of function due to neurological lesion

Paresis

partial loss of muscle function due to neurological lesion

Larynx

the cartilaginous structure at the superior end of the trachea designed for the protection of the airway from foreign objects

Pitch

the psychological correlate of frequemcy

Intensity

the level of sound, measured in decibels

Frequency

number of vibrations per second

Loudness

the psychological correlate of intensity

Glottis

the space between the vocal folds

Subglottal

the region below the vocal folds

Supraglottal

the region above the vocal folds

Metastasis

spreading of cancerous cells

Metastasize

verb implying the spread of cancerous cells

Hyperkeratosis

a reactive lesions from tissue irritation occurring typically under the tongue and posterior vocal folds

Hemangiomas

blood-filled sacs are typically found on the posterior vocal folds, they arise from abuse or intubation during surgery

Neoplasm

tissue aggregates arising from vocal abuse that cause hard contact between the vocal cords

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

most common laryngeal cancer, connective tissue covering the vocal folds

Laryngeal Cancer

tumors and their locations are glottal, supraglottal, or subglottal

Degenerative Neurological Diseases

leads to speech problems; Parkinson's, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis, Strokes, and vocal fold paralysis are some examples

Test 2 Flashcards

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