Test 1 Flashcards by Alexander Lee | Brainscape

Q

What axis does flexion/extension occur in?

A

X- Axis

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Q

What axis does Internal/Ext rotation occur in?

A

Y axis

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Q

What axis does Abd/Add take place in

A

Z axis

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Q

What plane does flexion/extension occur in?

A

Saggital

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Q

What plane does int/ext rotation occur in?

A

Transverse

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Q

What plane does Add/Abd occur in?

A

Frontal Plane

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Q

During shear force the force is _____ to the contact surfaces, and is in the ______ direction as the movement.

A

parallel

Same direction

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Q

During friction force, the force is _____ to the contacting surfaces, and is in the _____ direction to the movement

A

Parallel

Opposite direction

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Q

The magnitude of friction is always greatest _______ the object moves

A

Just before

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Q

Counter clockwise torque is (Positive/Negative)

A

Positive

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Q

Clockwise torque is _____ (Positive/negative)

A

Negative

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Q

The bicep acts on the elbow joint as a _____ class lever

A

Third

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Q

In a class 1 lever system, the axis is ______ the resistance force and the effort force

A

between

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Q

In a second class lever system the ______ is between the ______ and the effort force

A

Resistance Force is between axis and axis force

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Q

In a 3rd class lever system, the _____ in between the ____ and the axis

A

The effort force is between the resistance force and the axis

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Q

What is the advantage of a 2nd class lever

A

Smaller EF required

but less angular displacement

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Q

What is the advantage of a 1st and 3rd class lever

A

Larger Effort force required

but MORE angular displacement

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Q

What is a gomphosis joint?

A

Type of fiberous joint

“peg in hole”

ex: tooth

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Q

A syndesmosis joint is joined by a _____

A

Interosseous ligament

note: type of fiberous joint

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Q

What is a symphysis joint?

A

Type of Cartilaginous joint

joined by fibrocartilage

ex: intervertebral discs

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Q

What is a synchondrosis joint

A

a type of cartilaginous joint

joined by hyaline cartliage

example: ribs

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Q

What are the two components of synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronate - Lubrication in synovial folds

Lubricin - lubrication in cartilage on cartilage areas

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Q

What happens to synovial fluid in an injured joint?

A

Volume of synovial fluid increases

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Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:

Hinge Joint

A

Uniaxial

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Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:

Condyle Joint

A

Biaxial

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Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial

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Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:

Ball and Socket

A

Triaxial

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Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:

Pivot Joint

A

Uniaxial

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Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:

Condyloid joint

A

biaxial

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Q

The radiocarpal joint is an example of a _____ joint

A

Condyloid joint

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Q

The first CMC joint is an example of a ____ joint

A

Saddle joint

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Q

An intercarpal joint is an example of what?

A

Plane joint

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Q

In open chain, the immobilizaiton of one joint segment ______ effect the motion of the other segment

A

Will Not

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Q

In Closed chain, the immobilizaiton of one joint segment ______ effect the motion of the other segment

A

will

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Q

If a convex bone moves on a concave surface, the roll and slide will happen in _____ directions

A

Opposite

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Q

If a concave bone moves on a convex surface, the roll and slide will happen in _____ direction

A

The same

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Q

speed vs velocity?

A

speed is displacement/time in ANY direction

velocity is displacement/time in a given direction

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Q

When masses of two or more segments are combined, the new COM vector is ___________ with the original two COM vectors.

A

between & in line with the original two COM vectors.

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Q

Human adult COM?

A

S2

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Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Constant velocity

(no acceleration)

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Q

Law of acceleration: Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced forces or torques and inversely proportional to the _________

A

mass or moment of inerta

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Q

Tensile force

A

Opposite pulls on the same segment/line

Parallel to the long axis

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Q

Shear force vs friction force?

A

Both are parallel to the contacting surfaces

Shear force is acting in the direction of the movement

friction is acting in the opposite direction

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Q

The magnitude of friction force is always greatest __________ the object moves; this results in a drop of friction once the object is moving

A

Just before

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Q

When a force moves through an objects COM it results in _______

Whereas when a force moves through an object, not at it’s COM, it results in _______ and ________

A

Translation

Translation AND rotation

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Q

The greater the force or distance between two forces the greater the ____________

A

Torque

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Q

Definition of a movement arm?

A

The shortest perpendicular distance between forces

Q

Torsional moment/force

A

Rotation of a force along it’s long axis

Q

How do you calculate mechanical advantage?

A

Movement arm of Effort force / Movement arm of resistance force

Q

What allows for more movement, a fiberous joint OR a cartilaginous joint?

A

Cartilaginous

However both prioritize stability over movement

Q

What does normal synovial fluid look like?

A

clear/pale-yellow viscous fluid

Q

What are the two components of synovial fluid?

A

hyaluronate – viscosity of fluid and essential for lubrication; synovial folds

Lubricin – cartilage on cartilage lubrication

Q

Synovial joint properties

A

-Hyaline cartilage

-Synovial fluid

-Joint capsule

-NO connective tissues directly unite boney surfaces

Q

Synovial joint inner vs outer later

A

Inner layer: Lubrication, vascularity, and nutrition to cartilage

outer later: Poor vascularity but good innervation

Q

Which layer of the synovial joint are sensory receptors found?

A

In the fiberous outer layer

Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Roll/slide/spin

Describes movement of joint surfaces on one another

Q

Loose-packed position is usually in what joint position?

Whereas closepacked is usually at…

A

mid-position

end range

Q

What kind of endfeel does elbow flexion have?

A

Soft

Q

What kind of end feel does knee extension have?

A

Firm end feel

Q

What kind of endfeel does elbow extension have?

A

Hard end feel

Q

Type 1 collagen makes up __% of collagen in body

A

90%

Q

What are the two components of the Extracellular matrix

A

Fibrillar component- type 1 cartilage

interfibrillar component - Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

Q

What is the purpose of Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

A

Attract water to increase rigidity of extracellular matrix to withstand compressive forces

Q

Ligaments and tendons are mostly type __ cartilage

A

one

Q

Hyaline cartilage is type __ cartilage

fibrocartilage is mainly type __ cartilage

A

two

one

Q

isotropic vs anisotropic material

A

display the same mechanical behavior no matter the direction of force applied

vs

behave differently depending on the size and direction of applied force

Q

Stress definition

A

load (force) per unit area that develops on a plane surface within a structure in response to externally applied loads

Q

stiffness has what kind of relationship with compliance?

A

Inverse

Q

Brittle vs ductile

A

= little deformation before failure (ex. Glass)

=great deformation before failure (ex. Soft metals)

Q

What is Young’s Modulus

A

measurement of structure’s ability to withstand changes in length

Longitudinal stress divided by the strain

Q

Strain-Rate Sensitivity

A

tissue response varies based on load speed
If load is applied rapidly, tissue is stiffer. Thus larger force required to deform tissue.

Q

Creep definition

A

Tissue deforms gradually if strain continues on object

Q

Ligament vs tendon differences

A

Tendons Tendons exhibit creep with loading.

ligaments are similar to tendons but are less resistant to tensile stress
(Better with multiple directions though due to varying orientation of fibers)

Q

Cartilage response to exercise

A

Response to increased physiological loading is largely unknown

Q

Ligament response to exercise

A

Exercise may speed up process of ligament repair, but need more evidence

Q

For muscles and joints, stability is greatest in ___-packed position

A

closepacked

Q

Active Muscle Tension is affected by:
The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit
The diameter of the axon innervating a motor unit
The number of motor units that are firing at any one time
The frequency of motor unit(s) firing

A

of muscle fibers

Diameter of axon

number of motor units

frequency of firing

Q

Type IIA vs Type IIB muscle fibers

A

Type IIA (fast oxidative glycolytic) – intermediate

Type IIB (fast glycolytic)

Q

True or false: Muscles with larger cross sections will produce more tension

A

True

Q

True or false: Amount a muscle fiber can shorten or lengthen is dependent upon the number of sarcomeres

A

True

Q

Amount of force of a muscle is directly proportional to number of ______

A

Sarcomeres side by side in the cross section

Q

Epimysium surrounds ____

Perimysium surrounds ____

Endomysium surrounds _____

A

Muscles

bundle of muscle fibers

Individual muscle fibers

Q

Active Insufficiency: Decreased force capability due to __________________

A

shortened state of agonist

Example: muscle has 2 actions, it’s already doing 1, so now it sucks at the other

Q

What produces more force, concentric or eccentric

A

eccentric

Q

Passive insufficiency: ___________ is not long enough to permit full ROM of all joints

A

Antagonist

Q

Immobilizing a muscle in a shortened position causes a decrease in _____

A

Sarcomeres

Note: but an increase in sarcomere length

Q

Immobilizing a muscle in a long position will increase the number of __________ but ______________

A

Sarcomeres

decrease the Length

Q

How many intervertebral discs are there?

A

23

Q

Where is spondylosis most common?

A

L5-S1

Q

What is considered the roof of the vertebrae which transfers force through pars interarticularis

A

Lamina

Q

The nuculus pulposus is __% water whereas the annulus fibrosus is __% water

A

80%

60%

Q

What kind of arthrokinematics happen at ZPJ?

A

Gliding/sliding

Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament resists ______

A

extension

Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament, and the ligamentum flavum resist ______

A

Flexion

Note: same as the interspinous ligament and superspinous ligament

Q

what ligament resists lateral flexion in the spine?

A

intertransverse ligament

Q

the alar ligament resists _______

A

rotation

Q

the facet/ZPJ resist….

A

foward flexion and ROTATION

Q

during spinal flexion, the superior facet joint slides ____

A

up

Note: during extension it slides down

Q

During upper cervical flexion, the joint rolls ______ and slides _______

A

anteriorly and slides posteriorly

Q

during upper cervical extension the joint has a _____ roll and a _______ slide

A

Posterior roll and anterior slide

Q

The AA joint handles __% of cervical rotation

A

50%

Q

In the upper cervical spine, lateral flexion and rotation are coupled ______

A

contralaterally

Q

In the lower cervical spine, flexion happens with an _____ tilt and ____ slide

A

anterior/anterior

note: extension would cause a posterior tilt and slide

Q

Where in the cervical spine can you find the greatest range of flex/ext

A

C5/C6

Note: also takes the highest mechanical load

Q

In the lower cervical spine, side flexion causes (ipsilateral or contralateral) tilting and sliding

A

Ipsilateral

Q

During R lower cervical sidebending you’d see a __slide of the R ZAJ, and a __slide of the L ZAJ

A

Downslide of R (ipsilateral)

and Upslide of L (contralateral)

Q

The Thoracic vertebrae body is naturally kyphotic, meaning the posterior portion is _____ than the anterior portion

A

Taller

Q

The thoracic facet joints are 20 degrees off the frontal plate, in order to help with what two movements?

A

Increased lateral flexion and side bending.

Q

During thoracic rotation the ipsilateral rib shifts _____ and becomes ____ concave

A

Posterior and becomes more concave

Note: contralateral rib shifts anterior and becomes less concave

Q

In the thoracic vertebrae, lateral rotation is coupled with __________

A

axial flexion

Note: more in the upper than the lower thoracic

Q

In the lumbar during flexion/extension the tilt and slide happen ___________

A

Ipsilaterally

Q

The lumbar intravertebral joints take 80% of compression forces, while the ZAJ takes 20%, however ______ can increase this ratio (ZAJ takes more load)

A

Lordosis

Q

At the lumbar, walking can produce _____ the bodies weight ( in compression)

A

Twice

Q

Sacrum: Counternutation vs nutaton

A

Nutation: sacral base rotates anteriorly on fixed innominates

counternutation: Sacral base rotates posteriorly

Q

A

Q

A

Q

A