Test 1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Prior to the ______ mental disabilities were often described in one category which included intellectual delay, mental illness, and organic brain disorders.
A
1800’s
2
Q
Start of division of mental illness into cognitive – affective – behavioural domains
A
Early 1800
3
Q
In _______, Eugen Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia, and positive and negative symptoms
A
1911
4
Q
In _______, Kurt Schneider developed his concept schneiderian symptoms of schizophrenia
Become the foundation of the DSM II
A
1959
5
Q
Audible thoughts
Experience of influences controlling the body
Thought broadcasting
Thought withdrawal
Thought insertion
Delusional perception
A
Scheiderian symptoms
6
Q
___________ (family history) appears to be the strong predictor in the development of Schizophrenia
A
Genetics
7
Q
_________ is not solely responsible in ½ of the cases of identical twins only one twin will experience schizophrenia
A
Genetics
8
Q
Prenatal exposure to influenza
Prenatal exposure to lead
Prenatal exposure to toxoplasma gondii
Obstetrical complications
A
Prenatal and Perinatal factors
9
Q
before birth
A
Prenatal
10
Q
2 or so weeks before and after birth
A
Perinatal
11
Q
Predispositions and vulnerabilities for schizophrenia (diatheses)
People’s vulnerabilities must interact with life stresses to trigger the onset of the illness
Vulnerability + Stress
A
Diathesis-stress models
12
Q
Stressors can include:
Trauma
Virus
Prenatal and perinatal complications
Substance use
A
Diathesis-stress models
13
Q
Good evidence to show that stress can trigger schizophrenia, cause relapse, and worsen symptoms.
A
Diathesis-stress models
14
Q
Dopamine hypothesis
Glutamate hypothesis
Serotonin hypothesis
A
Neurotransmitters
15
Q
Reduced grey matter
Low activation of frontal cortex
Ventricle enlargement
Hippocampal atrophy
A
Neurological changes
16
Q
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A
DSM 5 – Schizophrenia Spectrum
17
Q
is now considered part of the schizophrenia spectrum but the disorder is described detail under the section ‘personality disorders’
A
Schizotypal personality disorder
18
Q
Delusions
Hallucinations
A
Positive Symptoms
19
Q
Distortions or exaggerations in language and communication
Disorganized speech
Disorganized behavior
A
Cognitive Symptoms
20
Q
Affective flattening
Avolition
Alogia
Anhedonia
Asociality
Anosognosia
Apathy
Catatonia
A
Negative Symptoms
21
Q
Persecutory/paranoid
Referential
Grandiose
Erotomanic
Nihilistic
Somatic
Religious
Jealous
Bizarre
Magical thinking
A
Types of delusions
22
Q
Thought insertion
Thought broadcasting
Thought withdrawal
A
Delusions of control
23
Q
“__________ beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence” (87). – no cultural basis
A
Fixed false
24
Q
Auditory
Visual
Olfactory
Tactile
Gustatory
A
Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations
25
Experienced as real
Not under voluntary control
Not part of religious or cultural practice
Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations
26
Observe through speech
thought process
27
lack of logical relationship between thoughts and ideas – conversation shifts from one topic to another in unrelated manner
Loose associations
28
takes a long time to make a point – excessive detail
Circumstantiality
29
speaker does not return to central point
Tangentiality
30
pause or interruption in train of thought (paucity of thought)
Thought blocking
31
creation of new words
Neologisms
32
rapid verbalization, jumping from one topic to another
Flight of ideas
33
incoherent mixture of words
Word salad
34
focused on a specific topic, returns to the topic even after topic has changed
Perseveration
35
use of words or phrases that have similar sounds (hell, bell, sell, well, swell) – not associated in meaning
Clang association
36
echoing the words and statements used by others
Echolalia
37
Agitation and retardation can both refer to either _______ symptoms or ________ symptoms.
motor; psychic
38
internally agitated
Psychic agitation
39
pacing etc
Motoric agitation
40
internal feeling of being slowed down
Psychic retardation
41
slowed movements
Motoric retardation
42
________ hallucinations are the most common
auditory
43
Psychomotor agitation
Psychomotor retardation
May not be goal directed and leads to difficulty preforming activities of daily living
Cognitive Symptoms: Disorganized Behaviours
44
Affective blunting or flattening
Affective flattening
45
a significant or severe lack of motivation or a pronounced inability to complete purposeful tasks
Avolition
46
a symptom that causes you to speak less, say fewer words or only speak in response to others
Alogia
47
the lack of interest, enjoyment or pleasure from life's experiences
Anhedonia
48
lack of motivation to engage in social interaction, or a preference for solitary activities
Asociality
49
a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition
Anosognosia
50
lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern
Apathy
51
Stupor
Catalepsy
Waxy flexibility
Mutism
Negativism
Posturing
Mannerism
Stereotypy
Agitation
Grimacing
Echolalia
Echopraxia
Negative Symptoms: Catatonia
52
Combination of cognitive, affective and motor symptoms
Catatonic symptoms
53
no psychomotor activity, no interaction with the environment
Stupor
54
a medical condition characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body
prolonged muscular rigidity and immobility, where the individual's limbs remain in an unnatural, fixed posture
Catalepsy
55
if an examiner places the patient's arm in a position, they will maintain this position until it is moved again
Waxy flexibility
56
limited verbal responses
Mutism
57
little or no response to instructions or external stimuli
a tendency to resist external commands, suggestions, or expectations, or internal stimuli, as hunger, by doing nothing or something contrary or unrelated to the stimulus
Negativism
58
actively holding a posture against gravity
Posturing
59
carrying out odd, exaggerated actions
Mannerism
60
repetitive movements without an apparent reason
a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance
Stereotypy
61
Can occur for no known reason
Not being able to sit still, pacing etc.
Agitation
62
mimicking another person’s speech
Echolalia
63
mimicking another person’s movements
Echopraxia
64
May appear fairly sudden to others but symptoms often begin to slowly develop over six months to a year
Onset of Schizophrenia
65
Changes in personality
Withdrawal
Dropping out of normal activities
Prodromal Stage
66
Lifetime prevalence is 1% of population
Persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia have a reduced life expectancy of 25 years
20-40% of clients have at least one known suicide attempt
5% die by suicide
Socioeconomic challenges
Schizophrenia - Prognosis
67
In some instances, clients experiencing schizophrenia can drink excessive amounts of water, to the point of water intoxication and even death.
Cause of ______ is unknown
Symptoms often devastating
Can be chronic
Polydipsia
68
Brain Injury
Seizure Disorder
Stroke
Tumor
Central Nervous System changes that look like mental illness
69
Self stigma
Social stigma
Provider based stigma
Types of stigma
70
is based on societal practices, and norms that exclude and oppress groups of people, not individual impairments
Disability
71
Places importance on physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological impairments and other barriers that limit or prevent full participation in society
Disability
72
Emil Kraepelin coined the term dementia praecox
1897
73
What are the Monoamine Neurotransmitters
Dopamine (D2)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine
74
What are the additional neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine (ACh) (Cholinergic)
Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) (Amino Acid)
Glutamate (Amino Acid)
75
What are the Neuroendocrinology hormones?
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Cortisol
Thyroid stimulating hormone
76
Central Nervous System
Brain Injury
Seizure Disorder
Stroke
Tumor
Vitamin Deficiencies
Cardiopulmonary Disorders
Gastrointestinal
Infection
Medical conditions that can look like mental illness
77
Animal models
Genetics and Epigenetics
Identifying risk factors
Biological basis of behavior
78
A __________ must be able to make a connection between:
1. Individual’s psychiatric symptoms
2. Alterations in brain function linked to symptoms
3. Rational for treatment and care
4. Client experiences and choices
psychiatric nurse
79
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Types of Neuroimaging
80
Neuroimaging the captures brain structure
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
81
Neuroimaging the captures brain structure & function
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
82
Shows brain structure
Neuroimaging that shows: shows damage to brain & lesions
Slices
Computed tomography (CT)
83
Shows brain structure
Neuroimaging that shows: 3D pulses, brain lesions
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
84
People who come off _______:
Never the same again
Oxygen deprivation changes personality
Ventilators
85
scan is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function
Shows abnormalities in glucose - ADHD, stroke
Positron emission tomography (PET)
86
Scan show regional cerebral blood flow
Vascular dementia, depression vs dementia
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
87
Scan can show structure & function of brain
Used to link genes to brain function
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
88
Scan uses electrodes on head
Electrical functioning
Coma state to check brain function
Epilepsy - can see seizure activity (can see subtle symptoms)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
89
______ hemisphere:
Verbal language function
Temporal order & sequencing
Numeric symbols
Verbal learning & memory
Left
90
______ hemisphere:
Receptive nonverbal language
Spatial orientation & recognition
Tone/pitch of speech & aspects of music
Facial recognition & facial expression of emotion
Right
91
Primary motor area
Broca’s area
Personality
Working memory
Executive functioning
Frontal lobe
92
Somatosensory area
Speech and maintaining attention
Parietal Lobe
93
Primary auditory and olfactory areas
Wernicke’s area
Internal structures important in modulating mood and emotion
Temporal Lobe
94
Visual
Occipital Lobe
95
Hypothalamus, pituitary,
amygdala, and hippocampus
all deal with basic drives,
emotions, and memory
Limbic system
96
Memory processing
Hippocampus
97
Aggression (fight) and fear (flight)
Amygdala
98
Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones)
Hypothalamus
99
Integrates all sensory input (except smell)
Thalamus
100
Regulates appetite, temperature, blood pressure, thirst, and circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus
101
Emotional brain
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Limbic System
102
_____ tend to have more positive symptoms & later onset
Hearing and vision loss are common
Women
103
hypothesis of schizophrenia originates from the effect of NMDA receptor blockers (ketamine, phencyclidine), which produce a withdrawn, passive state that resembles the 'negative' symptoms of schizophrenia (passivity and anhedonism).
glutamate
104
hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that hyperactivity of neurotransmitter receptor neurotransmission in subcortical and limbic brain regions contributes to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder can be attributed to hypofunctionality of neurotransmitter
Dopamine
105
hypothesis of schizophrenia explains the origin of positive and negative symptoms, the relationship or schizophrenia to stress, cortical atrophy, peripheral depletion of phospholipids, and the effectiveness of dopamine blockade in treating positive symptoms
Serotonin
106
Medical knowledge
Lived experience knowledge
Psychiatric nursing knowledge
Approaches to Psychopathology
107
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) clustering of symptoms into mental disorders
Medical knowledge
108
holistic experiences of challenges and recoveries
Lived experience knowledge
109
individuals’ responses to DSM disorders and recovery processes
Psychiatric nursing knowledge
110
DSM-I 1952
DSM-II 1968
DSM-III 1974
DSM-IV 1994
DSM-IV-TR 2000
DSM-5 2013
DSM-5-TR -2022
Diagnostical Statistic Manual
111
“The primary purpose of _______ is to assist trained clinicians in the diagnosis of mental disorders as part of a case formulation assessment that leads to an informed treatment plan for each individual”
DSM-5
112
classifies disorders - it does not classify people.
DSM-5-TR
113
Diagnostic inflation
Diagnostic fads
Pathologizing normal
DSM Challenegs
114
A coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO)
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 11th Revision (ICD-11)
115
Language updates for gender and racial issues
Diagnostic criteria has been modified for 70 diagnoses related to research
Added ‘unspecified mood disorder’, which had been previously removed
Added a new diagnosis of ‘prolonged grief disorder’
Changes in DSM 5-TR (V - TR)
116
General Observation
Mood
Affect
Speech
Thought
Perception
Sensorium
Insight
Judgment
Mental Status Exam
117
Skin coloration
Grooming
Dress
Pupil size
Distinguishing features - tattoo
Appearance
118
Gait
Posture
Facial expressions
Mannerisms / gestures
Activity
Coordination
Tremor
Psychomotor Behaviour
119
Cooperative
Ambivalent
Hostile
Guarded
Disinterested
Suspicious
Open
Attitude
120
Pervasive and sustained emotion
Mood
121
immediate expressed or observed emotion
Affect
122
Quantity
Rate
Quality
Speech
123
subject matter
Thought content
124
thought formation and expression
Thought process
125
Loose associations
Circumstantiality
Tangentiality
Thought blocking
Neologisms
Flight of ideas
Word salad
Perseveration
Clang association
Echolalia
Though process
126
Level of consciousness
Orientation
Memory
Attention and concentration
Sensorium
127
awareness/understanding of their thoughts, feelings, and situation
Insight
128
ability to reach a logical decision or plan course of action
Judgment
129
Stress
Coping
- Emotion focused
- Problem focused
Wellbeing
Risk factors
Protective factors
Determinents of health
Role loss and role change
Family / caregiver coping
Other things to assess
130
Lack of information, especially about outcome
Mourning and accepting the loss an envisioned future
Feelings of guilt over cause, or not preventing
Dealing with emotional consequences of trauma or illness
Rehabilitation required a great deal of time and attention
Common Family Challenges
131
“manuals provide clinical descriptors that can guide diagnostic decisions, they do not inform clinicians about how to______ or use the diagnosis” (Perkins et al., 2018, p. 14)
communicate
132
requires a holistic approach to avoid perpetuation of stigma and discrimination
Communication
